非药检阳性兴奋剂案件的举证责任和证明标准

在阐述举证责任和证明标准相关理论的基础上,分析<世界反兴奋剂条例>制定、修订前后,非药检阳性案件举证规则的变化,并以国际体育仲裁院裁决的美国反兴奋剂机构诉蒙哥马利等案件为例,对非药检阳性案件的指控方和被指控方的举证责任和证明标准进行阐述.<世界反兴奋剂条例>制定后与制定前相比,反兴奋剂组织承担的证明标准降低了,而<世界反兴奋剂条例>修订后与修订前相比,被指控兴奋剂违规方承担的证明标准提高了.目前所适用介于"优势证据标准"与"排除合理怀疑标准"之间的弹性证明标准,值得我国在今后立法实践中借鉴吸收.     

Patterns of exclusion of ethno-religious minorities: The ethno-religious hierarchy across European countries and social categories within these countries

In this contribution, we set out to rigorously test previous theoretical propositions that people tend to have consensual and cumulative rankings of exclusion of ethnic and religious outgroups, often referred to as ‘ethnic hierarchies’ constituting a shared and particular pattern of ranking different outgroups, preferably excluded from possible social interaction. Crucial questions are (1) to what extent are European natives’ levels of exclusion of Muslim, Jewish and Gypsy minority groups consensually and, moreover, hierarchically ranked? (2) to what extent is this pattern of exclusion comparable across representative samples of European countries and (3) to what extent is it comparable across relevant social categories within these countries? We take advantage of high quality cross-national European data asking representative samples of respondents whether they would not allow particular ethno-religious groups into their country, analyzed with probabilistic scalogram analysis. We found convincingly strong empirical evidence for the consensual and cumulative ranking of exclusion of typical ethno-religious outgroups: most Europeans wish to allow no Gypsies to come into their country, followed by Muslims and finally Jews as the least excluded ethno-religious outgroup. This rank order of outgroups’ exclusionism was found in 18 out of 20 different European countries. Notwithstanding differences in the level of exclusion across countries, citizens within these countries rank order these ethno-religious groups in a similar, comparable and cumulative way. Moreover, we presented evidence that this cumulative rank order is present within many different social categories within these countries. Our contribution may be one of the first to rigorously test heavily cited theoretical propositions on social and polemic representations.     

Non-centralized control for flow-based distribution networks: A game-theoretical insight

This paper solves a data-driven control problem for a flow-based distribution network with two objectives: a resource allocation and a fair distribution of costs. These objectives represent both cooperation and competition directions. It is proposed a solution that combines either a centralized or distributed cooperative game approach using the Shapley value to determine a proper partitioning of the system and a fair communication cost distribution. On the other hand, a decentralized non-cooperative game approach computing the Nash equilibrium is used to achieve the control objective of the resource allocation under a non-complete information topology. Furthermore, an invariant-set property is presented and the closed-loop system stability is analyzed for the non-cooperative game approach. Another contribution regarding the cooperative game approach is an alternative way to compute the Shapley value for the proposed specific characteristic function. Unlike the classical cooperative-games approach, which has a limited application due to the combinatorial explosion issues, the alternative method allows calculating the Shapley value in polynomial time and hence can be applied to large-scale problems.     

论民事诉讼非法证据排除规则的适用

我国立法中对非法证据排除规则做了原则性规定但存在一定的缺陷。完善民事诉讼非法证据排除规则,主要应当就绝对禁止非法证据和禁止非法证据的自由裁量做出明确具体的规定,另外,对特殊情况也应做例外规定。     

旅游危机管理实证研究——以无锡市为例

旅游危机具有涉及面广、危害性大、突发性强、双重性高等特点,使旅游目的地形象和声誉受到负面影响、旅游者对危机地的旅游信心受损、旅游企业面临较大的经营困难甚至停顿,开展旅游危机管理研究,对旅游业的发展具有很强的现实意义。文章以无锡市成功应对两次旅游危机事件为例,总结了无锡市旅游危机管理的经验,提出了旅游危机管理的有效措施。     

非法取证与刑事错案浅析

在刑事诉讼的活动过程中,侦诉机关采用不适当的手段收集证据会严重导致刑事错案的发生,而错案的形成原因与多方面的因素有关,防止错案发生的关键在于强化证据规则的地位,多方面地共同努力才会有效地减少刑事错案的发生。     

计算机取证的证明力

随着计算机信息技术的不断发展,与计算机相关的案例也不断出现。计算机取证被用来解决大量的计算机和网络犯罪,如网络入侵,军事、商业机密信息的窃取,对政府、军队、银行网站的攻击破坏,计算机欺诈,计算机病毒传播等,它已成为政府、军队部门以及商业公司信息安全保证的基本工作。利用具有法律效力的计算机取证方法,使用规范而客观的计算机取证技术,提取和保全合乎法律规程的电子证据。这种具备法律效力的电子证据,已逐渐成为一种崭新的证据形式。     

我国公诉证明标准的质疑与建构之思考

公诉证明标准是刑事诉讼证明标准的重要组成部分,也是检察机关衡量案件能否进入审判阶段的一个判断依据,因此其标准的高低一直是学界争议的热点。两大法系的主要法治国家在公诉证明标准上有着科学而条理的阶段性、层次性,而我国在公诉证明标准上则一直是坚持公诉证明标准与法院的有罪判决标准一致,因而诟病诸多。本文即是从这个角度来展开论述,以求重建公诉证明标准的新模式。     

试论我国刑事审判认证模式

世界法制史上先后出现了三种刑事审判认证模式,其中法定认证、自由认证分别演进为英美法系的严格规则主义和大陆法系的自由裁量主义。两大法系刑事审判认证模式各有优缺点,并呈现相互结合的发展趋势。我国现行的刑事审判认证模式为完全自由主义认证模式,但其问题也是十分明显的。所以,我国应当选择严格规则主义和自由裁量主义相结合的刑事审判认证模式,并完善相关的配套制度。