Optimization and Its Alternative in Media Choice: A Model of Reliance on Social-Influence Processes

In the reconciliation of rational-choice and social-influence approaches to media choice offered here, the choice process is decomposed into two subprocesses. In the first subprocess—that of rational choice—decisional ambiguity frustrates complete optimization. Optimization is partial, yielding a set of effectively interchangeable media alternatives over which the user is indecisive. In the second subprocess—that of social influence—imitation, deference, and other cues act on the set of interchangeables, yielding a single ultimate choice. If in the social-influence subprocess there are benefits to coordinating with others, group choice crystallizes around a single media alternative. If these benefits are absent, individual choice remains idiosyncratic, with each decision maker making random choices within the set of interchangeables. In organizational life, media choice transpires sequentially, with each choice conditioning a succeeding one. In its dynamic form, the present model explicitly incorporates such sequential environments: The twofold choice process transpires iteratively within individual decision sites (in the multiple purchasing decisions of a committee, for example) and sequentially across decision sites (from committee to individual, for example). The model generates considerable empirical implications. As decisional ambiguity grows, the rational-choice component of the choice process shrinks, implying upper-bound conditions for the explanatory power of rational-choice statistical models.     

未知需求分布下的供应链交易信用组合激励机制

运用不确定型决策理论中的极大极小方法,讨论了在需求最坏可能分布情况下集中式供应链的最优联合策略选择;考察了在分散决策供应链中零售商订货量与广告投入不足将导致供应链绩效不佳。研究发现,引入由交易信用、广告费用补贴以及销售收入共享构成的组合激励机制,能够协调作为独立主体的零售商的订货行为与广告策略,在满足零售商参与约束的同时,最终实现制造商期望利润的显著提高,并且例示了需求波动对供应链成员最优期望利润的影响。     

分散型决策结构下供应链协同实现机制的理论探讨

供应链协同从系统和全局的高度看待企业关系,在追求整体绩效目标的同时实现成员企业更为持久的利益。分散型决策结构更符合供应链管理的一般特征,多参与主体、多目标冲突环境等复杂因素共同影响协同的实现。利益-风险机制和关系机制在分散型决策结构下共同推动企业参与协同,两种机制相互影响。利益-风险机制具有基础性作用,可以分为直接机制和间接机制;关系机制通过资产专用性投资来建立,是供应链协同实现的必要条件。     

在技术创新中整合内部互补资产的机制研究

有文献关于企业整合内部互补资产推动技术创新这一问题缺乏深入的研究,无法对日益增多的跨部门协作创新提供理论指导。通过分析互补资产的控制和使用特点、互补资产的外部性和不确定性等影响内部市场的因素,阐述主体、价格、支付、监管等互补资产内部市场的构成要素,探讨企业通过市场化配置内部互补资产的运行机制以及内部行政协调互补资产的问题,提出信息共享、职能渗透和运用权威等协调互补资产的措施。     

从专业教学层面建设培养应用型人才的途径探索

培养应用性人才是一般普通高等学校培养本科生的首要目标任务。为了实现这样的目标,从选择课程技能训练、建立导师制度进行项目实施培养、设立自主性实验教学平台进行连贯培训和在学生实习期间与实习单位建立紧密合作关系的协同培养制度措施,探索培养高质量应用性本科毕业生的教学途径,取得较好效果。     

State anxiety and visual attention: The role of the quiet eye period in aiming to a far target

Abstract

In this study, we examined how individuals controlled their gaze behaviour during execution of a far aiming task and whether the functional relationship between perception and action was disrupted by increased anxiety. Twenty participants were trained on a simulated archery task, using a joystick to aim and shoot arrows at the target, and then competed in two counterbalanced experimental conditions designed to manipulate the anxiety they experienced. The specific gaze behaviour measured was the duration of the quiet eye period. As predicted, accuracy was affected by the duration of the quiet eye period, with longer quiet eye periods being associated with better performance. The manipulation of anxiety resulted in reductions in the duration of quiet eye. Our results show that the quiet eye period is sensitive to increases in anxiety and may be a useful index of the efficiency of visual orientation in aiming tasks.     

Interpersonal coordination tendencies shape 1-vs-1 sub-phase performance outcomes in youth soccer

Abstract

This study investigated the influence of interpersonal coordination tendencies on performance outcomes of 1-vs-1 sub-phases in youth soccer. Eight male developing soccer players (age: 11.8 ± 0.4 years; training experience: 3.6 ± 1.1 years) performed an in situ simulation of a 1-vs-1 sub-phase of soccer. Data from 82 trials were obtained with motion-analysis techniques, and relative phase used to measure the space-time coordination tendencies of attacker-defender dyads. Approximate entropy (ApEn) was then used to quantify the unpredictability of interpersonal interactions over trials. Results revealed how different modes of interpersonal coordination emerging from attacker-defender dyads influenced the 1-vs-1 performance outcomes. High levels of space-time synchronisation (47%) and unpredictability in interpersonal coordination processes (ApEn: 0.91 ± 0.34) were identified as key features of an attacking player's success. A lead-lag relation attributed to a defending player (34% around ?30° values) and a more predictable coordination mode (ApEn: 0.65 ± 0.27, P < 0.001), demonstrated the coordination tendencies underlying the success of defending players in 1-vs-1 sub-phases. These findings revealed how the mutual influence of each player on the behaviour of dyadic systems shaped emergent performance outcomes. More specifically, the findings showed that attacking players should be constrained to exploit the space-time synchrony with defenders in an unpredictable and creative way, while defenders should be encouraged to adopt postures and behaviours that actively constrain the attacker's actions.     

Dynamics of players’ relative positioning during baseline rallies in tennis

Abstract

This study analysed how the relative positioning of players on court influenced patterns of interpersonal coordination in baseline rallies in tennis. We developed a model (PA index) that assigns a weight to the position of each player on court and determines a positional advantage, based on the relative proportionality between the lateral and longitudinal displacement values during rallies. To test the model, data from 27 randomly-selected baseline rallies from three ATP World Tour matches (professional tennis players' tournaments organized by Association of Tennis Professionals) on clay were analysed. Results revealed that the PA index of players on court described their interpersonal coordination dynamics during baseline rallies. It also identified the emergence of rally breaks in the interpersonal coordination patterns of competing dyads that led to a point being scored. Data suggest that positional advantage data may assist coaches in the design of training tasks to enhance players' court coverage and performance during competitive interactions, acting as a valuable tool for performance analysis in tennis.     

Modelling the dynamics of children’s gross motor coordination

ABSTRACT

This study modelled children’s gross motor coordination, investigated sex-differences and identified the effects of fixed and dynamic correlates on motor coordination development. A total of 344 Portuguese children (170 girls), from 6 age cohorts (5 to 9 years of age), were followed consecutively for three years (age range 5 to 11 years) using a mixed-longitudinal cohort design. Birth weight, hand dominance and socioeconomic status (SES) were identified. Gross motor coordination, body mass index, physical fitness (PF) and physical activity (PA) were assessed annually. A sequence of multilevel hierarchical linear models were developed. Model 1 found that age, age², sex, sex-by-age and sex-by-age² were significant predictors (p < 0.05) of gross motor coordination. Boys outperformed girls from 6 years of age onwards. Model 2 found a cohort effect (p < 0.05). Model 3 found that right handers were more coordinated (p < 0.05). When the confounders of body mass index, PF and PA were added to the model (Model 4) it was found that boys and girls had parallel trajectories in their gross motor coordination development. In conclusion children with increasing body mass index were less coordinated, while those who were stronger and more agile had steeper trajectories of gross motor coordination with age.     

我国省级区域体育公共服务与经济协调发展评价研究

遵循指标体系构建的基本原则，分理论与实证两个阶段，在广泛借鉴相关研究结果及指标数据可获得的基础之上，采用多种方法构建了我国省级区域体育公共服务发展水平、经济发展水平评价指标体系。用基于因子分析的综合评价方法对我国31个省域2016年体育公共服务发展水平、经济发展水平进行评价，在此基础上运用隶属函数协调发展评价模型对31个省域2016年体育公共服务与经济协调发展状况进行评价。评价结果为：8个协调，4个基本协调，11个弱协调，8个微协调。在19个弱协调和微协调的省域中，有11个省域的体育公共服务发展水平落后其经济发展水平对体育公共服务发展水平的要求，有8个省域的体育公共服务发展水平超过要求。中部地区是我国体育公共服务与经济不协调的重点地区。