Exploring the forward citation patterns of patents based on the evolution of technology fields

Forward citations of patents have been used extensively to capture the impact of technological knowledge. However, our understanding of the factors shaping patent citation patterns remains limited. One of the main limitations is the lack of scholarly attention paid to the dynamic influences arising from the evolution of technology fields. From an evolutionary perspective, technological impact is not simply determined by the static attributes of a technology itself; it is also dynamically affected by changes in the external conditions. Drawing on this viewpoint, this study suggests a model for understanding patent citation patterns by reflecting the evolution of the technology fields to which each patent belongs. Four such factors are explored: technology cycle time, potential of technological convergence, popularity of the technology field, and technological novelty. Based on the proposed model, we show how expected citation patterns can change as a result of different scenarios for technology field evolution. We conduct a case study of patents in the information technology and healthcare industries to show citation patterns of patents across heterogeneous industries as well as those within an industry. Contributions to the innovation literature and research investment decisions are discussed.     

论如何提高高校排球专选课的教学效果

排球运动在我国高校中开展的非常广泛,然而传统的教学方式存在种种弊端,制约了排球专选课的教学效果,因此有必要对增强排球专选课的教学效果做出探讨.     

物流证书的法律效力研究

在物流教育高速发展的同时,国内各种物流证书也纷纷登场。如何鉴别各种物流证书的优劣,认清各证书的法律效力是重要的研究内容。在对各发证部门的法律地位、证书的法律依据进行详细比较、分析的基础上,阐明了各物流证书的法律效力问题。     

体罚的社会文化基础、心理效应与干预机制

体罚是有意地直接或间接地引起受罚者的痛苦。体罚的广泛存在主要是由于施罚者的传统教育思想根深蒂固、缺乏有效的教育手段、教育方法简单化以及法律意识淡漠。体罚除了引起儿童的即时顺从以外,会造成对儿童的身体伤害,还可能导致儿童在道德内化、攻击、过失和反社会行为、亲子关系的质量、心理健康方面引起问题,而且这些效应会持续到成年期。因此,有效地遏制体罚,必须更新教育思想,树立平等民主的价值观,学会理性惩罚,建立家庭学校社区多元化监督机制。     

对高校学生工作的思考

高校应以科学发展观统领学生工作,树立以学生为本的意识和服务意识,在学生工作的内容、形式和方法等方面进行不断创新,建立起科学、高效、务实的学生工作机制,最终让学生在一个开放和完全信任的氛围中学习和生活,使学生工作达到统合综效。     

丰富跨文化教学的文化输入方式

本文围绕跨文化教学的文化输入方式展开讨论,就教学中的实践和问题进行分析和说明,探讨如何丰富文化输入的方式和渠道,有效提高文化输入的效果。     

教师的职业认同刍议

教师对其职业的认同程度直接关系到教育事业的发展及教学工作的成效,提高教师的职业认同对教育及教学工作有着重要的意义。提高教师队伍整体的职业认同程度,可通过清退职业认同程度极差的教师,帮助教师进行职业规划,对教师进行职业认知的学习和训练这三种途径来实现。     

The differential effects of prior knowledge on learning: A study of two consecutive courses in earth sciences

We studied the occurrence and nature of learningin a university first year Introduction toGeomorphology course, and its relations with priorknowledge taught in a prerequisite course, and withthe prior knowledge in the to be learned subjects. Tendimensions of knowledge were tapped before and afterthe course by conventional and cognitive structuremeasures that were derived by the concept mappingmethodology. The fine-grain analysis of learningoutcomes yielded the following results: (a) studentsacquired only a small portion of the content in thecourse Introduction to Geomorphology, (b) the priorgeological and geomorphological knowledge did notaffect the learning of the new geomorphologicalcontents, (c) the minor effects appeared within ratherthan across knowledge dimensions, and they affectedmainly the learning of smaller knowledge units, and(d) concept definition cannot be considereda valid probe of knowledge. The differential effects of prior knowledge question thecentral, global and undifferentiated role that schematheories ascribe to prior knowledge in futurelearning. They call for greater reference to theexposed dimensions of knowledge by suggestingadditional factors to be considered in the sequencingof courses, as well as to the acquisition of complexknowledge with partial meaning of the basic knowledgeunits, and the use of new cognitive structure probesof knowledge.