影响我国男子甲级排球队团队凝聚力水平的因素研究

以卡伦提出的凝聚力概念模式理论为依据,对参加2006年全国男子排球锦标赛的16支甲级运动队的运动员进行问卷调查,分析影响男子排球运动队凝聚力问题的各种因素,为教练员与俱乐部管理人员对球队管理及运动员心理整合与共溶性提出相应的理论参考。研究结果表明,影响我国男子甲级排球运动队凝聚力水平的主要因素依次为协调因子、团结因子、素质因子、个体因子、稳定性因子、巩固性因子。     

脑力、体力劳动者足底压力参数分布特征及评定

通过分析脑力、体力劳动者自然行走过程中峰力值（maxforce,MF）、达峰力值时间（time to max force）、冲量（impulse）等参数特征,探讨职业对足底压力分布的影响。采用比利时Footscan USB2平板式足底压测试系统对50名普通健康脑力劳动者和63名普通健康体力劳动者进行自然行走过程中动态足底压力测试。结果显示：脑力、体力劳动者左脚Toel、Toe2-5、Heel Lateral区域平均峰值（MF）存在显著性差异,右脚Mid foot、Meta5区域MF差异存在非常显著性（P〈0．01）,左、右双足平均峰力值（MF）最大值均出现在足跟内侧（Heel Medial）。脑力、体力劳动者足底各区域达峰力值的时间（TMF）,左右双足差异均存在非常显著性（P〈0．01）。脑力劳动者与体力劳动者行走过程中左足在Toel、Toe2-5、Meta1、Heel Medial、Heel Lateral区域的冲量（Impulse,IP）,体力劳动者明显大于脑力劳动者且具有显著性差异〈0．01）,体力劳动者与脑力劳动者的足底MF与足弓接触面积及足角度存在不同程度的相关。结果说明：脑力劳动者与体力劳动者行走过程中左右双足的平均峰力值、接触面积、冲量等参数都存在不同程度的差异,可能与长期从事的职业不同有关,建议经常进行体育锻炼或定制矫形鞋垫,可以缓解足底压力高压区的过度集中,不断维护足健康水平。     

关于人类运动极限的哲学思考

北京奥运会上,博尔特以令人难以置信的速度打破了人类100 m世界纪录,又一次引发了关于人类运动极限的大讨论.在此背景下,在分析人类运动极限的两个相反观点基础上,认为:生理极限是人类运动极限有限论的理论基础;社会因素的时代性是人类运动极限无限论的理论基础;自然外力是制约运动极限的偶然性因素,只有在自然外力最大的基础上讨论人类运动极限才有实际意义;测不准原理决定了人们用数量方法预测人类运动极限的局限性;人类运动极限是有限性和无限性的统一.     

A method of providing accurate velocity feedback of performance on an instrumented kayak ergometer

On a kayak ergometer, an accurate simulation of the athlete-paddle-kayak system kinematics is essential for analysing the relationship between technique and performance. The purpose of this study was to establish a strong relationship between performances on flatwater and performances on an ergometer by means of propulsive force measurement and drag models. Two trials were performed by 12 kayakers in which they were first timed over 250 m of flatwater kayaking (the reference test) and were then asked to perform a trial of the same duration on the ergometer with the same perceived physical exertion. Three techniques for measuring propulsive force and three drag models generated nine combinations, which were all evaluated for their ability to estimate kayak velocity. For each combination, the distance covered by the athlete on the ergometer was simulated. A kayakers’ ergometer ranking was based on the average velocity in the ergometer trial. Both distance and ranking were compared to the on-water results. The simulation with the best combination of force measurement and drag model gave an accurate estimate of distance (253 ± 10.5 vs. 250 m) and ranking compared to the reference test.     

优秀散打运动员膝/肘关节等速测试与站位攻防技术分析

采用ISOMED2000等速系统检测优秀散打运动员膝、肘关节肌群的生物力学特征,分析优秀散打运动员站位攻防动作技术.在进攻训练中伸膝关节速度达到300°/s,能充分发挥运动员小腿伸肌群的爆发能力;采用300°/s的速度可以快速屈小腿,有利于运动员快速回防,为再次打击对方在时间上创造了条件;在站位时,膝关节角度保持157.3°～160.1°,小腿屈肌群离心爆发能力强,有利于运动员调整自身的身体姿势,避开对方的快速进攻.在进攻训练中应使肘关节速度达到300°/s,能充分发挥运动员前臂伸肌群的爆发能力.肘关节角度在81°～86°的范围,有利于运动员快速出拳,打击对方.以240°/s的速度屈肘,能充分发挥运动员前臂屈肌群的爆发能力,有利于运动员快速回防.在防守训练中,肘关节角度在78°～85°的范围内,对运动员快速回防,抵御时方快速、重拳的进攻是有利的;肘关节角度在128°～137°的范围内,可远距离隔挡对方,阻击对方的快速进攻.     

竞技武术套路运动员表现力的培养方法研究

竞技武术套路比赛中运动员的表现力起着越来越关键的作用。文章运用文献资料法、问卷调查法等研究方法,对影响竞技武术套路运动员表现力的各种因素进行了研究分析。研究结果表明：影响竞技武术套路运动员表现力的因素主要包括气质和性格、赛前心理准备、兴趣、表情和乐感,并针对这些因素对武术套路运动员表现力培养的方法进行了探讨,以指导训练工作。     

振动力量训练对跳远运动员膝关节肌力变化影响的实验

为了拓宽专项力量训练途径,丰富和创新力量训练方法,通过振动力量训练组(II组)和传统力量训练组(I)对比实验研究来探索振动力量训练对跳远运动员下肢肌肉力量训练效果的影响规律,为进一步振动力量训练发展和应用提供实验依据。实验结果表明:振动力量训练法能在同等的负荷条件下,能更有效地发展运动员膝关节屈肌群的最大力量、快速力量、爆发力,其中伸肌表现不明显;振动力量训练也提高了运动员的膝关节肌群力量耐力水平,同时使膝关节屈伸肌群得到协调发展。     

合理使用与许可使用的异同及适用

版权法自产生之初,就在对版权是保护还是限制这个问题上陷入两难境地。一方面要鼓励和保护优秀作品的创作与传播;另一方面必须出于对社会公共利益的兼顾而对版权人权利加以限制。总的来看,这种限制主要包括合理使用和许可使用两个方面。     

浅论邓小平对青少年成长的关怀

邓小平同志始终以博大的胸怀和深邃的目光,站在党和国家前途命运的高度,十分关怀青少年的成长。多次向青年发出号召要做“四有”新人,要学习,要参加社会实践,并鼓励大量派遣青少年出国留学,培养了大量的青年专家。     

Impact absorption of tennis shoe-surface combinations

The aim of this study was to investigate, for typical shoes and surfaces used in tennis, the relative role of the shoe and surface in providing cushioning during running. Five test surfaces ranging from concrete to artificial turf were selected, together with two shoe models. Impact absorbing ability was assessed mechanically using drop test procedures and biomechanically using peak magnitude and rate of loading of impact force and peak in-shoe pressure data at the lateral heel. Differences in biomechanical variables between shoe-surface combinations were identified using a two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Mechanical test results were found to rank the surfaces in the same order regardless of the shoe model, suggesting that the surface is influential in providing cushioning. However, for all mechanical and biomechanical (p < 0.05) variables representing impact absorbing ability, it was found that the difference between shoes was markedly greater than the differences between surfaces. The peak heel pressure data were found to rank the surfaces in the same order as the mechanical tests, while impact force data were not as sensitive to the changes in surface. Correlations between mechanical and biomechanical impact absorption highlighted the importance of testing the shoe-surface combination in mechanical tests, rather than the surface alone. In conclusion, mechanical testing of the shoe-surface combination was found to provide a strong predictor of the impact absorbing ability during running if pressure data were used. In addition, for typical shoe-surface combinations in tennis, the shoe was found to have more potential than the surface to influence impact loading during running. Finally, in-shoe pressure data were found to be more sensitive than force plate data to changes in material cushioning.