Sample, Random and Variation: The Vocabulary of Statistical Literacy

This paper considers the development of school students’ ability to define three terms that are fundamental to statistical literacy: sample, random, and variation. A total of 738 students in grades 3, 5, 7, and 9 were asked in a survey to define and give an example for the word “sample.” Of these, 379 students in grades 7 and 9 were also asked about the words “random” and “variation.” Responses were used to describe developmental levels overall and to document differences across grades on the understanding of these terms. Changes in performance were also monitored after lessons on chance and data, emphasizing variation for 335 students. After 2 years, 132 of these students and a further 209 students who were surveyed originally but did not take part in specialized lessons, were surveyed again. The difference after 2 years between the performance of students who experienced the specialized lessons and those who did not was considered, revealing no differences in performance longitudinally. For students in grades 7 and 9, the association of performance on the three terms was explored. Implications for mathematics and literacy educators are discussed.     

带右删失数据的非线性随机效应模型参数估计

本文讨论了带右删失数据的非线性随机效应模型的参数估计,给出Gauss-Newton迭代法和改进后的Gauss-Newton迭代法,根据参数估计和算法给出数值模拟,验证了参数估计和算法的可行性.     

随机截尾寿命试验两参数Pareto分布的Bayes统计分析

利用随机截尾寿命试验数据,给出了两参数Pareto分布参数．可靠度和换效率的Bayes点估计及其置信限．     

广告语体“随机造词”现象及其动因探析——以广告语体中的写意型三音节颜色词为例

本文以广告语体中的一类新型颜色词——写意型三音节颜色词为研究对象,对该类词中出现的“随机造词”现象进行分析,并从语言学动因和社会动因两大方面探讨“随机造词”现象产生的原因。     

Multi-attribute decision-making approach dealing with uncertain linguistic assessment information

An approach is presented to deal with a multi-attribute decision-making problem in which the attribute weights are unknown and the attribute values take the form of uncertain linguistic variables. First, a linguistic assessment standard is set up to deal with the uncertain linguistic attributes, and the operation laws of uncertain linguistic variables and the uncertain linguistic weighting average(ULWA)operator are introduced. Then a ranking formula of uncertain linguistic variables based on expectation-variance is proposed. As for the case without weight information, a goal program based on a warp function is constructed to determine the attribute weights, and the ULWA operator is utilized to aggregate the assessment information of uncertain linguistic variables, and the corresponding alternatives are ranked by a formula based on expectation-variance. Finally, a numerical example is given, and the results demonstrate that it is much easier and faster for the ranking method based on expectation-variance when compared to the existing methods.     

基于梯形模糊语言变量的多属性决策方法

研究了决策者的偏好信息（属性值）为梯形模糊语言变量（TFLV）的模糊语言多属性决策问题．定义了2个梯形模糊语言变量比较的可能度公式并研究了它的一些基本性质,给出了基于可能度公式的梯形模糊语言变量多属性决策的方案排序方法．这种方法通过对决策信息进行TFLWA算子加权集结,并通过比较梯形模糊语言变量的可能度得到所有方案的排序结果．在不损失模糊语言信息的条件下,该方法计算过程简单,决策结果合理且有效．最后,通过一个实例说明了该方法的操作过程．     

关于M值随机序列的强极限

利用对数似数比作为任意离散型随机变量相对独立变量偏差的一种随机性度量,采用研究强极根定理的一种新方法一网的微分法(参见[4],[5],给到一一个关于离散型随机变量序列的强极限定理。     

概率算法在求解定积分中的应用

结合概率原理和程序设计语言知识,设计了两种计算定积分的概率算法,然后比较了两种算法的优劣,数据实际结果表明,算法对复杂定积分的计算是很有效的．     

计算机模拟法解决报童问题

本文利用模拟法解决报童问题。模拟就是将所研究的对象用其他手段来加以模仿的一种活动。当采用这种模拟方法来研究问题时,一般来说,人们并不直接观察所研究问题的变化过程,而是先设计出一个与该对象或其变化类似的模型,然后通过模型来间接研究这个对象或变化过程。     

有关两两NQD随机变量序列的协方差不等式

设{Xn,n≥1}为两两NQD（Negatively Quadrant Dependent）随机变量序列的,对于NA随机变量X和Y有协方差不等式｜cov（f（X）,g（Y））｜≤sup｜f′（x）[sup｜g′（y）｜[-cov（X,Y）],本文通过对两两NQD随机变量性质的研究证明了对于两两NQD随机变量X和Y有同样的协方差不等式成立．