Perform kicking with or without jumping: joint coordination and kinetic differences between Taekwondo back kicks and jumping back kicks

We investigated joint coordination differences between Taekwondo back kicks and jumping back kicks, and how jumping (in performing the latter) would alter engaging ground reaction forces (GRF) in executing kicking. Ten skilful athletes volunteered to perform both kinds of kicking within the shortest time for three successful trials. Three high-speed cameras and two force platforms were used for data collection, and the trial with the shortest execution time was selected for analysis. Movements were divided into the rotation and attack phases. With comparable execution time and maximum joint linear/angular speeds, back kicks and jumping back kicks differ mainly in larger GRF in the latter, and in greater target acceleration in the former probably because the support leg prevented athletes’ rebounding after impact. In addition, more prominent antiphase and in-phase coordination between the shoulder segment and knee joint, and elongated rotation phase were found in jumping back kicks. Larger GRF values in jumping back kicks were generated for jump take-off rather than for a more powerful attack. In back kicks although the support leg remained ground contact, greatly decreased GRF in the attack phase suggested that the support leg mainly served as a rotation axis.     

Validation of two accelerometers to determine mechanical loading of physical activities in children

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of accelerometers using force plates (i.e., ground reaction force (GRF)) during the performance of different tasks of daily physical activity in children. Thirteen children (10.1 (range 5.4–15.7) years, 3 girls) wore two accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X+ (ACT), GENEA (GEN)) at the hip that provide raw acceleration signals at 100 Hz. Participants completed different tasks (walking, jogging, running, landings from boxes of different height, rope skipping, dancing) on a force plate. GRF was collected for one step per trial (10 trials) for ambulatory movements and for all landings (10 trials), rope skips and dance procedures. Accelerometer outputs as peak loading (g) per activity were averaged. ANOVA, correlation analyses and Bland–Altman plots were computed to determine validity of accelerometers using GRF. There was a main effect of task with increasing acceleration values in tasks with increasing locomotion speed and landing height (P < 0.001). Data from ACT and GEN correlated with GRF (r = 0.90 and 0.89, respectively) and between each other (r = 0.98), but both accelerometers consistently overestimated GRF. The new generation of accelerometer models that allow raw signal detection are reasonably accurate to measure impact loading of bone in children, although they systematically overestimate GRF.     

烧结温度对La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7结构和磁性的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法在不同的烧结温度下制备了La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7多晶样品.磁性测量表明,1 200℃热处理的样品存在3个磁转变温度,且在116 K～365 K温区范围内磁化强度显著高于1 400℃热处理的样品;同时,1 400℃热处理的样品,在整个温区只存在2个磁有序转变温度,并且呈现出类自旋玻璃态.结合这2个样品的结构分析发现,较高温度处理更有利于双层钙钛矿结构的形成.     

油酸三乙醇胺皂化物的合成

采用单因素控制变量法,以扣除酸值后的皂化值为评价指标,研究了反应配比、反应温度、反应时间对合成油酸三乙醇胺皂化物的影响。结果表明,油酸和三乙醇胺配比为1.2∶1(mol/mol)、温度为130℃、反应时间为3h时,反应达到平衡时体系中油酸三乙醇胺皂化物的含量最多。利用合成的油酸三乙醇胺皂化物调配成的水基润滑油符合相关要求。     

延迟焦化过程抑制镍钒脱氢反应的初步研究

延迟焦化在原油深度加工中地位日益突出,其工艺技术进展的主要目标是最大限度地提高液体油收率。文章针对镍钒存在形态、脱氢反应的影响、抑制脱氢反应展开讨论,并提出钝化镍钒作用的对策,从理论研究找出切实可行的方法来指导生产实践。     

基于案例分析的国外在华“微传播”政府应对研究--以新浪微博为例

以国外政府机构和政要入驻新浪微博的典型案例为研究对象,利用内容分析法和案例分析法,探析国外在华“微传播”现象并总结相应政府应对策略。研究发现,国外政府机构和政要善用自媒体社交工具展开全方位的信息传播与价值输出,对此,我国一方面要关注、警惕,另一方面也要学习、借鉴。     

突破电极反应式的书写

原电池反应或电解池反应的本质都是氧化还原反应,因此无论是原电池还是电解池的电极反应都要遵循氧化还原反应的规律,特别是得失电子总数与化合价降低或升高的总值相等。原电池反应或电解池反应本质上又都是离子反应,电极反应式通常情况下也是以类似离子方程式的形式出现,因此电极反应式也要遵循离子方程式的电荷守恒和原子守恒。灵活运用这些守恒规律就能突破高考难点中电极反应式的书写。     

青少年足球运动员灵敏性结构模型的理论与实证研究简

近十余年来,我国足球运动员灵敏性方面与其他亚洲强队相比差距明显,如何提高灵敏性已经成为足球训练界关注的问题,提高足球运动员的敏捷性对提高足球整体竞技水平具有重要意义。本文运用了文献检索法、数理统计法、实验法等方法。指出足球运动员灵敏性结构模型在动作结构层面表现为“急停一变向一启动”,在力量结构层面表现为“制动力量一反应力量一启动力量”。通过对实验对象进行实验前后的对照,结果证明本研究所提出的足球运动员灵敏性结构模型是准确的,通过发展青少年运动员的制动力量、反应力量、启动力量能够很好的提高其灵敏性。     

提高短距离跑起跑质量的几种途径

短距离跑是径赛中速度最快的项目。随着现代竞技发展 ,短距离跑起跑的质量对成绩影响很大。通过选择好的起跑姿势对运动员进行心理训练 ,使其能发挥自己良好的反应速度和进行科学的腿部力量练习 ,从而提高短距离跑起跑的质量。     

单重态卡宾与甲酰氯环加成反应机理的理论研究

用限制的H artree-Fock从头算分子轨道理论研究了单重态卡宾与甲酰氯环加成反应的机理。在HF/3-21G*基组水平上,计算了反应势能面上各驻点的构型参数、振动频率和能量。计算结果表明,该反应的主反应途径由两步组成:首先,两反应物通过一无势垒的放热反应生成一富能中间体INT a,放出的热量为36.47 kJ.m o-l 1;然后该中间体经过渡态TSa异构化为一三元环产物P,其势垒为23.22 kJ.m o-l 1。该反应途径与其竞争反应途径相比具有很好的选择性。