方外交与元代寺观饮酒风习

方外交，又称方外友，是指世俗中人与出家僧道结成的朋友交谊。在元代，方外交之风大为盛行，主要原因有五：一是科举制度的一度停废，使广大士人的出路受阻，因此选择了社会性的退避。二是文人士大夫由于仕途失意，寻求心灵的慰藉。三是部分南宋遗民与蒙元新统治者采取不合作的态度，转而遁迹林下。四是一些文人士大夫自身对于佛道的向往与迷恋。五是由于蒙元统治者对宗教的优容政策。文学和出游构成元代方外交的主体内容。吟诗作赋、赏花观月、焚香煮茗、琴棋书画、诗酒清谈，都是元代方外交的重要元素。元代的方外交既有个人之间的友谊，也有群体性的交往。在元代，很多寺观酿酒售酒，一些僧道也竞相饮酒，与文人士大夫诗酒唱和。元代寺观僧道饮酒呈现的逸风雅韵，与他们自身所具备较高文学素养和艺术品住有关，也与他们所交往对象普遍具有较高文化层次的文人士大夫群体有关。方外交和寺观饮酒风习中呈现的野逸气质，为元代社会文化的多元性和兼容性涂抹了绚丽的一笔色彩。     

Reading Attitudes and Literacy Skills in Prekindergarten and Kindergarten Children

The current study addressed the development of reading attitudes and their relationship to reading skills. Forty-one prekindergarten and kindergarten learners in 1 of 3 cohorts were assessed 2 or 4 times during the course of a year. Findings indicated a slight decrease in reading attitudes during the kindergarten year. Expected increases in skills were generally indicated with pronounced increases in sight word recognition during the kindergarten year, after other skills had been mastered. Decreases in some skills were evident after summer recess. Other findings from the study and recommendations for future research and practice are provided.     

论语境理论在大学英语阅读教学中的运用

阅读技能是一种综合技能,因此在阅读教学中,语境教学能帮助学生理解语篇,并培养他们的语境意识,从而提高学生的阅读理解能力。     

Implications of Overlapping Difficulties in Mathematics and Reading on Self-Concept and Academic Achievement

In this study, the relationship between adolescents’ difficulty in mathematics and reading and the influence on academic self-concept and school grades was examined. The participants (N = 585; 299 girls, 286 boys) were one age group of ninth-graders whose mathematics and reading skills were assessed at the end of comprehensive school at age 16 years. Five student profile groups were found using cluster analysis: best achievers, normal achievers (NA), the reading difficulty (RD) group, the mathematical difficulty (MD) group, and the learning difficulty (LD) group. Post-hoc tests revealed that the RD group and the LD group had a higher academic self-concept than the MD group. In school grades history, surprisingly, the NA group and the RD group performed equally well across all school grades. Students in the MD group performed as poorly as the LD group. The results emphasise the prolonged and generalised effects of especially MD on students’ academic careers.     

中考文言文复习“八忌八须”

文言文在中考命题中占有很大比重,如何带领学生有效复习文言文是语文教师必须重视的一环。文章从中考复习的角度出发,围绕明确目标、精讲精练、多元施策、因材施教、主动探究、内外结合、稳扎稳打、吟咏诵读等方面阐述文言文复习策略。     

从中式英语看中西文化的撞击

随着国际一体化的进程逐步加大,各国之间的文化冲突不断发生。由于中西思维方式的差异和中西文化习俗的差异,导致了标准英语与中国本土文化“嫁接”而形成的一种英语变体——中式英语,它已成为国人学习和使用英语的一大障碍。     

Processing procedural documents: A cognitive model for following written directions

This paper reviews empirical literature on how people use documents to perform tasks. We examine studies that have been published under the topics of: following written directions, reading maps, following instructions, using job performance aids, and processing procedural texts. Documents that contain a procedure, such as a set of directions, require transformation of information. Such transformation frequently requires converting a procedure represented verbally in a text into a procedure represented behaviorally in a performance. To accomplish this transformation, we propose that students must: (a) form a conceptual model of the performance; (b) encode procedures from the document; (c) engage in self-testing; and (d) conduct self-corrections to repair mistakes. We further propose that these operations are performed most efficiently with distinctive information resources. An overview of the task is likely to be most effective in facilitating conceptual model formation. Procedural information that emphasizes temporal characteristics of the performance will facilitate the encoding of procedures. A representation of the outcome (usually graphic) improves self-testing, and the comparison of the outcome with progress in the workspace leads to most effective self-correction. This process-resource interaction minimizes the number and complexity of transformations required to process procedural documents.     

影响英语阅读速度的因素及解决途径

较快的阅读速度是有效获取信息的前提。不良阅读习惯、词汇量欠缺、阅读方法不当是影响阅读速度和效率的主要因素，克服这些缺点有利于提高阅读速度。     

如何准备英语四级考试

公外在我校的开设,四级考试在全国高校的普遍推广,影响着公共英语的教学方法,并且成为检测教学质量的基本手段.本文力在探讨应付四级考试的方法,提高在校学生的应试能力.     

The relationship among students' reading performance,their classroom behavior,and teacher skills

The relationship among students' reading performance, their behavior (task-focused behavior, emotional stability, and compliant behavior) in the classroom, and the teacher's skills was investigated in 66 third-grade classrooms. Results from this study showed the students' reading performance and their behavior in the classroom are all significantly interrelated. Better reading performance at the beginning of the school year goes with better behavior at the end of the school year. In turn, better behavior at the beginning of the school year goes with better reading performance at the end of the school year. The teacher can improve the behavior of the students by providing high-quality reading instruction. Some teacher skills have differential effects, however, on the various behavioral aspects. The implications for the educational practice as well as for future research are discussed.