Development of an instructional model for higher order thinking in science among secondary school students: a fuzzy Delphi approach

It is important for science students to develop higher order thinking (HOT) so that they can reason like scientists in the field. In this study, a HOT instructional model for secondary school science was developed with experts. The model would focus on reflective thinking (RT) and science process skills (SPS) among Grade 7 students. The Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) was employed to determine consensus among a panel of 20 experts. First, semi-structured interviews were conducted among the experts to generate the elements required for the model. Then, a questionnaire was developed using a seven-point linguistic scale based on these elements. The defuzzification value was calculated for each item, and a threshold value (d) of 0.75 was used to determine consensus for the items in the questionnaire. The alpha-cut value of >0.5 was used to select the phases and sub-phases in the model. The elements in the model were ranked to identify the sub-phases which had to be emphasised for implementation in instruction. Consensus was achieved on the phases of the HOT instructional model: engagement, investigation, explanation, conclusion and reflection. An additional 24 learning activities to encourage RT skills and SPS among students were also identified to develop HOT skills in science.     

Video Enhanced Reflective Practice (VERP): supporting the development of trainee educational psychologists’ consultation and peer supervision skills

This article aims to seek trainee educational psychologists’ (TEPs) views about their experiences of using Video Enhanced Reflective Practice (VERP) to support their professional development, with a particular focus on consultation and peer supervision skills for the VERP guider. Participants engaged in three cycles of VERP, reflecting upon their practice using video clips of themselves. An action research design was implemented and views from trainee EPs and the Video Interaction Guidance (VIG) supervisor were sought, using semi-structured interviews. Hybrid Thematic Analysis was used in order to analyse the data. Findings suggest that VERP was generally a positive experience for trainees and their experiences highlighted the impact of observing themselves in practice, as opposed to retrospective reflection. Trainee EPs selected factors to consider within a ‘shared review’ and reflected on their experiences of being filmed, the strengths and the challenges of which are considered.     

Cognitive Style and Learner Strategy Interaction in the Performance of Primary and Related Maze Tasks

Abstract

The effect of designated learning strategies and reflective versus impulsive cognitive styles on performance in a maze learning task was investigated. Twenty-four female subjects were randomly assigned to a strategy or control group. The strategies group was provided with three potentially effective strategies (imagery, rhythm, and feedback) as identified by an information processing task analysis procedure. The Matching Familiar Figures test further classified subjects within the two groups according to their preferred styles of responding. Eleven primary task trials were administered with direct view of maze and four related task trials were completed with an indirect view of it. Traversal speed and time in the incorrect pathways were analyzed with a 2 × 2 × 7 (Strategies × Cognitive Styles × Trial Blocks) repeated measures ANOVA. A significant three-way interaction was found for both dependent measures. As hypothesized, during the primary task the control reflective subjects traversed the maze more slowly than the control impulsive subjects. However, the strategies reflective subjects completed the maze with the same speed as strategies impulsives. The incorrect pathways × time interaction revealed that the control reflective subjects spent less time in the incorrect pathways during the related task than the control impulsives. No significant differences were found for strategies reflectives or impulsives. These findings indicate that, for this maze task that emphasized speed, the performance of reflective and impulsive subjects was facilitated by appropriate learning strategies.     

论初中英语教师专业发展的有效策略：反思性教学

本文首先介绍了初中英语教师专业发展的必要性,并引出了反射性教学在初中英语教师专业发展中的重要性;其次,本文介绍了反思性教学的定义及特征,为实施反思性教学提供理论支持;最后,本文重点论述了反思性教学的实施过程和途径,为初中英语教师适应新时代的变化,解决实际教学中遇到的问题提供了建设性的意见。     

Creation of new routines in physical education: second-order reflection as a tradition-challenging form of reflection stimulated by inquiry-based learning

ABSTRACT

The time we live in is characterised by social and cultural changes, but teaching in physical education (PE) does not necessary match these changes. Consequently, the present project explored how second-order reflection (SoR) as a tradition-challenging and developing form of reflection can be stimulated by an inquiry-based learning (IBL) approach in physical education teacher education to transform current pedagogy to align with social and cultural changes. SoR fosters development and learning by inter-professional collaboration and inter-professional dialogue and is an extended form of higher-order thinking (HoT) including critical thinking and problem-solving. The project explored how an IBL approach stimulated a group of pre-service teachers (n?=?32) developing their professional practice by using SoR. Data were generated through video observations and audio recordings of the pre-service teachers’ discussions, reflections and actions during the IBL unit. Furthermore, written reflections regarding the challenges were collected. All data were inductively analysed in order to identify and extract common themes and patterns in relation to SoR. The analyses of the data revealed that during the IBL approach the pre-service teachers used both reflection at first and second-order level. Reflections in the form of technical and practical considerations were common, while examples of SoR were seen especially in the phases of IBL where the pre-service teachers used new theoretical knowledge and experiences from other contexts than PE. Consequently, the findings supported that IBL enhanced the second-order reflective skills of some of the pre-service teachers. However, with further use of guiding and facilitation of the IBL process or keeping the pre-service teachers to their challenges, hypotheses and plans, the methodology has even more potential to enhance the second-order critical reflection of the participants; thereby developing their coming practice to be more reflective, engaging and probably motivational.     

基于虚拟专用网技术的局域网的远程安全访问

随着计算机网络技术的发展,网络远程安全访问已引起人们的高度重视。本文阐述了虚拟专用网技术及Windows Server 2003 L2TP/IPSec VPN的实现。     

中学教师反思性教学的调查和分析

本文以中学教师为调查对象 ,自编反思性教学调查问卷作为调查工具 ,探讨分析了南京和南昌两地中学教师对反思性教学的认识特点。通过调查发现 :(1 )对于通过学生和同事进行反思性教学的认识上 ,重点中学教师和非重点中学教师之间存在显著的差异 ,其中对于通过学生进行反思性教学的认识上存在极其显著的差异。 (2 )中学教师对于通过学生和同事进行反思性教学的认识有显著的性别差异 ,其中对于通过学生进行反思性教学的认识上存在极其显著的差异     

"反思实践"思想及其在教师教育中的争议--来自舍恩、舒尔曼和范斯特马切尔的争论

本文在陈述舍恩的以"反思实践"为根基的教师教育思想的基础上,展示了西方教师教育领域围绕这一概念所展开的争议,指出这种争论有利于深化教师教育的学理探讨,有助于教师教育实践的健康发展.     

论新课程情境中的教师形象

充满了种种不确定性的课程情境对教师形象提出了挑战，也为重新理解和定位教师形象提供了契机。既具有充盈的“实践性智慧”，又具有质疑、批判精神，注重对话与合作的“反思性实践家”，是符合新课程改革的教育理念和价值诉求的新型教师形象。而对其专业能力基础——“实践性智慧”的培育，则是新课程情境中“反思性实践家”型的教师培养的主要途径。在培养“反思性实践家”型的教师教育过程中，我们可以尝试采用以下基本策略：研究教学案例，丰富实践性知识；讲述课程故事，培养反思能力；与同事合作对话，碰撞智慧火花；展开理论对话，关注教学实践等。