室内无线传感器网络定位研究

随着信息时代的到来,无线传感器网络技术应用形式更加广泛。各种地形检测和各种温度检测都有其应用,将对应的数据传递到使用客户端,从而对其进行分析。在本研究应用的过程中,一定要注意各个节点分析,因为无线网络技术的基础就是注重位置,才能展现其重要性和影响力。同时在每个传感器的设计中,将会直接安装GPS收发器,但是因为价格上的限制。发展过程受到了阻碍。所以,在对无线传感器进行分析过程中,主要是对其原有的特性进行分析,从而来拓展各个领域中的应用。     

Teacher professional development as knowledge building: a Popperian analysis

This paper offers an analysis of how six experienced teachers, and two in particular, used portfolios to aid and chart steps in their own professional development. The key finding of the study was that the pattern of growth of professional knowledge conformed strikingly to the central features of the model proposed by the philosopher of science, Karl Popper, to account for the growth of scientific knowledge. That is, the use of portfolios assisted these teachers in identifying and formulating problems, in proposing tentative theories for their solution, in testing those theories against their experience of implementation, and in moving on to new problems of practice. The research therefore supports a Popperian structure for teacher professional development that coheres with a conception of teachers as self‐learners, or autonomous learners.     

Notes on contributors

Social cohesion in school is reflected in social discrimination processes and the complementary social roles of teachers, pupils, other staff and pupils' relatives. School social cohesion varies in level from high, characterised by prosocial interactions, to low, characterised by antisocial or violent interactions. Antisocial behaviour is usually embedded in specific interaction patterns between different social actors and is based on specific motives or stereotypes that elicit or justify this behaviour. Comprehensive study of these patterns is enabled by information and communication technology (ICT). The aim of this study is to use ICT to investigate social interaction patterns between personal and school characteristics of secondary school teachers and their curricular and disciplinary characteristics and experience of violence, including the motives they perceive when they are the victim, perpetrator or witness of six types of violence, differentiated according to the complementary roles of pupils, other teachers, other school staff and pupils' relatives. Three questionnaires were developed and used in a nationwide Internet‐based survey in Dutch secondary schools. This school safety monitor was completed in 2006 by 5148 teachers, 80,770 pupils, 1749 educational support staff and 629 school managers. Data were checked for reliability, scale homogeneity and representativeness. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the social interaction patterns in teachers' data. The results reveal violence‐specific social behaviour and social‐mirroring processes between teachers and pupils in particular. Furthermore, teachers who are younger, female or working in low‐attainment educational settings apply more curricular differentiation and collaborate more with pupils on disciplinary matters than their respective counterparts. Teachers who work in low‐attainment schools, who work in cities, who are homosexual/lesbian or who do not feel most at home in The Netherlands experience more violent behaviour as a victim or witness than their respective counterparts. In particular, teachers attribute the following motives to violence: physical appearance, behaviour, level of school achievement, a handicap, being religious, gender, sexual preference and ways of dealing with non‐conforming behaviour or punishments. Compared to teachers, pupils gave a broad array of motives for every type of violence. The conclusion is that Internet‐based data‐collection procedures provide a more comprehensive and systematic picture of social discrimination and violence motive patterns in schools than has hitherto been customary.     

Considering Legal Identity as a Critical Variable of Interest in Charter Schools Research

ABSTRACT

Fifteen years ago charter schools were considered a radical addition to the public education landscape. Today they present a viable educational choice in 40 states and the District of Columbia. Much has been written about charter schools, their purpose, effectiveness, and future. However, to date, much of the dialogue has focused on ideology and methodology resulting in a discussion framed as “charter vs. noncharter.” Overlooked have been the more substantive issues that would provide a more accurate framework for studying charter schools. We propose that the education policy and research communities need to identify the critical variables in the charter schools sector that affect both student outcomes and education policy. One such major variable is the legal status of a charter school, that is, its identity as a local education agency (LEA) or as part of an existing LEA and the charter school's linkage to other parts of the public education system that flows from that identity. Differentiating charter schools according to their legal status will allow stakeholders to categorize these schools in a manner that succinctly captures critical differences. doi:10.1300/J467v01n03_11     

现代化视野下的农民工问题解读——《现代化进程中的中国农民工问题研究》述评

《现代化进程中的中国农民工问题研究》一书在现代化语境下解读农民工问题,把握农民工问题的脉络,预期解决问题的路径。该书结构严谨,资料详实,立论高远,既运用多学科的理论方法,显示了作者对文献驾轻就熟的素养,又着眼于实践,提出对政策制度的宝贵启示。     

Fostering compassionate attitudes and the amelioration of aggression through a science class

This study explores how science education could contribute to the amelioration of violent behaviors towards humans and non‐human species, specifically in a Colombian school with a population of socio‐economically disadvantaged students who demonstrate high levels of violence. Until now science education has not sought to change attitudes or to address the issue of school violence that is faced in many communities. Debates around the purposes of science education have paid little or no attention to the possible connection that exists between our attitudes to non‐human animals and those towards humans. This study suggests that science education can play a role in changing attitudes and developing behaviors that aim at caring for others including other humans and non‐human animals. The findings reported here are part of a wider study which included the design and continuing modification of an intervention for a fourth grade science class. The original study took place over 7 months with a group of 38 fourth‐grade students from a socio‐economically disadvantaged population who already presented high levels of aggression. The main focus of the intervention was on encouraging compassionate attitudes towards animals through gaining an understanding of their needs, emotions, capacities, current situations and their similarities with humans. Data were generated through diverse qualitative methods including participatory observations, semi‐structured interviews, and written responses to open questions in three moments during the study. Findings from this study suggest that science education with a focus on promoting understanding and compassion towards animals could contribute to the amelioration of aggression in schools. Resumen: Este estudio investiga cómo la educación en ciencias puede contribuir a la disminución de la agresión en los niños y niñas, incluidos actos de violencia hacia otros animales, específicamente en un colegio en Colombia con una población de bajo nivel socio‐económico y con niveles altos de agresión. Hasta ahora la educación en ciencias no busca responder a la problemática de la violencia presente en colegios en diversas comunidades. Los debates acerca de los propósitos de la educación en ciencias han prestado poca atención a la posible conexión entre nuestras actitudes hacia los humanos y aquellas hacia animales no humanos. Los hallazgos reportados en este estudio sugieren que la educación en ciencias puede jugar un papel en cambiar las actitudes de los estudiantes y desarrollar comportamientos compasivos y de cuidado hacia otros seres vivos y extenderse a seres humanos. Este estudio incluyó el diseño y la modificación continua de una intervención para una clase de ciencias naturales de cuarto elemental. Tuvo lugar durante siete meses con un grupo de 38 estudiantes de cuarto grado de Primaria de una población de escasos recursos económicos y con altos índices de violencia. El propósito central de la intervención fue el de promover actitudes de compasión hacia los animales por medio de mejorar nuestro entendimiento acerca de sus necesidades, emociones, capacidades biológicas, físicas y sociales, situación actual y similitudes con los seres humanos. Los datos fueron generados por medio de diversos métodos cualitativos tales como observaciones participativas, entrevistas semi‐estructuradas y respuestas escritas a preguntas abiertas. Los hallazgos de este estudio sugieren que la educación en ciencias con un enfoque en la comprensión de los animales y promoción de la compasión hacia las demás especies, puede contribuir a la disminución de la agresión y violencia en los estudiantes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 961–986, 2012     

Educating gratitude: Some conceptual and moral misgivings

In a rapidly expanding academic literature on gratitude, psychologists, philosophers and educational theorists have argued that gratitude is not just of great psycho-social importance but also of moral significance. It would therefore seem to follow that the promotion of gratitude is also of moral educational significance. In this regard, recent attempts by psychologists to develop practical interventions designed to make people more grateful should be of some interest. However, while appreciating some benefits of such work, this article argues that much of it falls short of the educational task of developing an adequate pedagogy of gratitude focused on assisting learners’ acquaintance with the complex normative grammar (moral and conceptual) of gratitude discourse. With reference to ongoing work by the authors, the article proceeds to explore further this important dimension of educating gratitude.     

Development of children’s moral evaluations of modesty and self-promotion in diverse cultural settings

This cross-cultural study of the moral judgements of Mainland Han-Chinese, Chinese-Canadian, and Euro-Canadian children aged seven to 11 examined the evaluations of narrative protagonists’ modest lies and self-promoting truthful statements in situations where they had done a good deed. The story characters had thus either lied or told the truth about a prosocial act that they had committed. Chinese children judged modest lies more positively and boastful truths less positively than Euro-Canadian children. Chinese and Chinese-Canadian children rated immodest statements more negatively than did Euro-Canadian children. The cultural differences were greatest with the oldest children. Chinese children rated modest lies significantly more positively than either Canadian group who did not differ from each other but an interaction between age and culture revealed the three groups to be significantly different at age 11 with Chinese children most positive, followed by Chinese-Canadian children, and with Euro-Canadian children evaluating modest lies least positively. Cultural strictures and acculturation factors respecting modesty and self-enhancement are reflected in these differences.     

父母教养方式与中学生逆反心理的相关研究

研究使用翻译并修订后的＂Hong＂氏逆反心理量表、父母教育方式量表对250名初中生进行问卷调查,结果表面中学生逆反心理在年级、性别变量上差异显著,初二学生的逆反心理高于初一;女生的逆反心理低于男生;父母教养方式在性别上的差异有统计学意义;父母亲的教育方式与中学生逆反心理相关显著。父亲因子2惩罚严厉、父亲因子3过分干涉、父亲因子5拒绝否认、母亲因子2过度干涉、母亲因子3拒绝否认、母亲因子4惩罚严厉对逆反心理总分有较大的正向预测作用。