食品安全规制的重复博弈分析

以博弈论为分析工具,构建了政府与企业的静态博弈支付矩阵,通过引入罚金、公众满意度变量,解释了食品安全事件出现在一国经济快速增长时期的现象.通过考察企业间重复博弈机制,并引入奖励变量,改变了企业选择生产非安全食品的纳什均衡解,得出奖励与政府监管的搭配使用可以有效引导食品企业选择生产安全食品的策略.     

Two Related Crises

Abstract

We describe the organization and outcomes of faculty communities of practice over four semesters in which participants learned about research-based instructional strategies. In each semester, a community of 10 to 22 participants met for six to eight one-hour sessions, read a common book on teaching and learning, observed each other's class sessions, and prepared a final report on what they had learned. We found that the peer observations inspired the participants to adopt new instructional strategies. This paper includes recommendations for designing faculty professional development experiences with an intentional focus on creating value for the participants.     

虚拟团队中信任构建的博弈分析

信任是虚拟团队的关键成功因素CSF之一，虚拟团队的成功很大程度上依赖于信任的建立和维系。通过建立博弈模型，对虚拟团队中的信任构建问题进行了系统分析，指出在虚拟团队中建立信任关系的动力机制，并给出了具体的管理策略和建议。     

《阅微草堂笔记》中的“谈狐说鬼”——兼与《聊斋志异》比较

以《聊斋》中狐鬼形象作比照,考察《阅微草堂笔记》“谈狐说鬼”所具三个特征是:异类感、工具化与消解性。二部杰作的异质性不仅与作家美学旨趣有关,更是各自经历、地位、价值取向不同的结果。     

Conceptualising the surveillance of teachers

Schools are risky places: the risk of a poor Ofsted report, the risk of sliding down league tables, the risk of teachers abusing children, the risk of teachers being falsely accused of abuse. As a result of risk anxiety and the ever-increasing sophistication of technology, the surveillance of teachers has proliferated, becoming a future-oriented pursuit to manage this risk. Drawing on the surveillance studies literature, this article attempts to theorise the surveillance of teachers. Firstly the article argues that there are three types of teacher surveillance: the vertical perpetuated by Ofsted and senior school leaders such as teaching observations and learning walks, but also students recording their teachers on mobile phones; horizontal surveillance enacted by peers in terms of concertive control, but also parental surveillance via online and offline networks; and, finally, intrapersonal surveillance embracing reflective practice, data reporting and self-policing proximity from children. The article then concludes by arguing that while surveillance in schools embraces the themes of modern surveillance in general, by doggedly retaining the proximal and the interpersonal, it should be considered a hybrid form between traditional and modern forms of surveillance.     

Kindergarten teachers adjust their teaching practices in accordance with children’s academic pre‐skills

This study examined the extent to which kindergarten children’s academic pre‐skills are associated with their teachers’ subsequent teaching practices. The pre‐skills in reading and math of 1268 children (655 boys, 613 girls) were measured in kindergarten in the fall. A pair of trained observers used the Classroom Assessment Scoring System instrument to observe 49 kindergarten teachers on their emotional support, classroom organisation and instructional support in kindergarten in the spring. The results of the multilevel modelling showed that low levels of academic pre‐skills in kindergarten classrooms in the fall predicted high classroom quality in the classrooms later on. The results suggest that the overall level of children’s academic pre‐skills in the classroom plays an important role in the ways in which teachers adapt their instructional practices to the needs of a particular classroom.     

Instructional support predicts children's task avoidance in kindergarten

This study examined the role of observed classroom quality in children's task-avoidant behavior and math skills in kindergarten. To investigate this, 1268 children were tested twice on their math skills during their kindergarten year. Kindergarten teachers (N = 137) filled in questionnaires measuring their professional experience and also rated the children on their task-avoidant versus task-focused behaviors. Trained observers used the CLASS instrument (Pianta, La Paro, & Hamre, 2008) to observe 49 kindergarten teachers (out of 137) on their emotional support, classroom organization, and instructional support. The results of multilevel modeling showed that kindergarten classrooms differed in terms of children's task-avoidant behavior and math skills. Moreover, the more instructional support was evidenced in the classroom, the less children were rated as showing task-avoidant behavior. Task-avoidant behavior then predicted children's low levels of math skills. The findings of the present study emphasize the importance of quality of instructional support for children's adaptive classroom behaviors.     

《订讹类编》卷三重文号研究条原貌辨

《订讹类编》目前主要通行两个版本,两个版本卷三重文号研究条存在较大龃龉且都有疏漏,非《订讹类编》本来面貌。此条当代研究与引用较多,但多数研究者对版本中存在的问题未予指出,影响到结论的价值,有的研究者甚至由于未注意到版本中存在的问题而得出了十分不科学的结论。此条标题应作＂重字不可作：＂,而内容中重文标记既反映了古人的书写习惯,也反映了著者得出认识的重要根由,宜从嘉业堂丛书本作＂二＂。     

Repeated Reading,Turn Taking,and Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)

This single participant multiple baseline research design measured the effects of repeatedly reading narrative books to children who used voice output augmentative communication devices to communicate. The study sought to determine if there was a difference observed in the number of turns taken when reading stories repeatedly. Three girls ranging in age from seven to nine listened to a different illustrated narrative book during each baseline session. During the intervention phase, a single illustrated book was read repeatedly to each child for six sessions followed by an additional intervention of a second illustrated book for six more sessions. Two of the three participants took more turns during the repeated reading when comparing mean scores. Upon visual inspection it appears the increases were generally in the first couple of repeated readings and then a slope return was displayed toward the baseline level over the six repeated readings. Implications for practice are shared.     

Student teachers’ skills in the implementation of collaborative learning: A multilevel approach

This study explores the development of student teachers’ skills in implementing collaborative learning (CL) using a multilevel repeated measures design. Participants were 105 pre-service teachers that were trained in CL implementation. The results indicate that student teachers generally perform well in implementing CL. Further, it appears that these skills increase over time, although no linear growth can be found. Student teachers’ skills development appears to be positively connected with their general feeling of teaching efficacy. Surprisingly, training and students’ pedagogical knowledge have no significant impact.