对物理教学的哲学思考

所有的教育问题最终都是哲学问题,哲学处于教育的上位,它对教育起着决定性的规范和指导作用。对于什么是物理、为什么教物理、怎样教物理这三个本原性问题的思考与回答,构成了物理教育哲学的主体内容。物理既是一门科学,又是一种智慧,更是一种文化。应树立为提高全体学生的科学素养而教的物理教学观。按照教学重演律,让学生亲历知识的产生与发展的过程,全面落实新课程三维教学目标。     

Endurance and sprint benefits of high-intensity and supramaximal interval training

Abstract

This study examined the effect of two different interval training programs–high-intensity interval training (HIT) and supramaximal interval training (SMIT)–on measures of sprint and endurance performance. Physically active individuals (Females: n=32; age 19.3, s=2.2 years; mass 67.6, s=9.1 kg; stature 172.7, s=6.6 cm. Males: n=23; age 20.0, s=2.7 years; mass 71.3, s=8.3 kg; stature 176.6, s=5.8 cm) completed pre-testing that comprised (1) 3000 m time-trial, (2) 40 m sprint, and (3) repeated sprint ability (RSA–6×40 m sprints, 24 s active recovery) performance. Participants were then matched for average 3000 m running velocity (AV) and randomly assigned to one of three groups: (i) HIT, n=19, 4 min at 100% AV, 4 min passive recovery, 4–6 bouts per session; (ii) SMIT, n=20, 30 s at 130% AV, 150 s passive recovery, 7–12 bouts per session; and (iii) control group, n=16, 30 min continuous running at 75% AV. Groups trained three times per week for six weeks. When time to complete each test were compared among groups: (i) improvements in 3000 m time trial performance were greater following SMIT than continuous running, and (ii) improvements in 40 m sprint and RSA performance were greater following SMIT than HIT and continuous running. In addition, a gender effect was observed for the 3000 m time trial only, where females changed more following the training intervention than males. In summary, for concurrent improvements in endurance, sprint and repeated sprint performance, SMIT provides the greatest benefits for physically active individuals.     

Time–motion analysis of elite field hockey,with special reference to repeated-sprint activity

Limited information exists about the movement patterns of field-hockey players, especially during elite competition. Time–motion analysis was used to document the movement patterns during an international field-hockey game. In addition, the movement patterns of repeated-sprint activity were investigated, as repeated-sprint ability is considered to be an important fitness component of team-sport performance. Fourteen members of the Australian men's field-hockey team (age 26±3 years, body mass 76.7±5.6?kg, [Vdot]O_2max 57.9±3.6?ml?·?kg^?1?·?min^?1; mean±s) were filmed during an international game and their movement patterns were analysed. The majority of the total player game time was spent in the low-intensity motions of walking, jogging and standing (46.5±8.1, 40.5±7.0 and 7.4±0.9%, respectively). In comparison, the proportions of time spent in striding and sprinting were 4.1±1.1 and 1.5±0.6%, respectively. Our criteria for ‘repeated-sprint’ activity (defined as a minimum of three sprints, with mean recovery duration between sprints of less than 21?s) was met on 17 occasions during the game (total for all players), with a mean 4±1 sprints per bout. On average, 95% of the recovery during the repeated-sprint bouts was of an active nature. In summary, the results suggest that the motion activities of an elite field-hockey competition are similar to those of elite soccer, rugby and Australian Rules football. In addition, the investigation of repeated-sprint activity during competition has provided additional information about the unique physiological demands of elite field-hockey performance.     

Effects of active and passive recovery on performance during repeated-sprint swimming

Abstract

The effect of active and passive recovery on repeated-sprint swimming bouts was studied in eight elite swimmers. Participants performed three trials of two sets of front crawl swims with 5 min rest between sets. Set A consisted of four 30-s bouts of high-intensity tethered swimming separated by 30 s passive rest, whereas Set B consisted of four 50-yard maximal-sprint swimming repetitions at intervals of 2 min. Recovery was active only between sets (AP trial), between sets and repetitions of Set B (AA trial) or passive throughout (PP trial). Performance during and metabolic responses after Set A were similar between trials. Blood lactate concentration after Set B was higher and blood pH was lower in the PP (18.29 ± 1.31 mmol · l^?1 and 7.12 ± 0.11 respectively) and AP (17.56 ± 1.22 mmol · l^?1 and 7.14 ± 0.11 respectively) trials compared with the AA (14.13 ± 1.56 mmol · l^?1 and 7.23 ± 0.10 respectively) trial (P < 0.01). Performance time during Set B was not different between trials (P > 0.05), but the decline in performance during Set B of the AP trial was less marked than in the AA or PP trials (main effect of sprints, P < 0.05). Results suggest that active recovery (60% of the 100-m pace) could be beneficial between training sets, and may compromise swimming performance between repetitions when recovery durations are short (< 2 min).     

基于信誉激励的银行与中小企业合作的博弈模型

我国中小企业在发展过程中普遍受到资金不足的制约。针对这一问题,在原有模型研究的基础之上引入惩戒机制,在重复博弈理论和惩戒机制基础之上建立一种银企信誉模型,以达到鼓励银行和中小企业合作的目的。通过分析银行与中小企业中的不合作均衡,阐述了这种有惩戒思想的信誉机制,并应用重复博弈理论解释了这种信誉机制下中小企业的重复信贷行为。提出并且证明了合作均衡定理,以此来衡量惩戒机制的作用以及中小企业合作的耐心程度。最后得出了一个合作条件,中小企业将慑于这种惩戒机制而采取合作策略。     

Changes in mechanical properties of sprinting during repeated sprint in elite rugby sevens athletes

This study aimed to analyse fatigue-induced changes in mechanical sprinting properties during a specific repeated-sprint test in elite rugby sevens athletes. Twenty elite rugby sevens players performed ten 40?m sprints on a 30?s cycle with participant’s running back and forth in a marked lane. Radar was used to assess maximal overground sprint performance over each 40?m. Macroscopic mechanical properties (maximal horizontal force (F₀), maximal horizontal power (P_max), maximal ratio of horizontal force (RF_peak), decrease in the ratio of horizontal-to-total force (D_RF), total force and maximal sprinting velocity (v₀)) were drawn from horizontal force velocity relationships, using a validated method applied to the speed–time data. Fatigue-induced changes were analysed comparing the first sprint to an average of 2^nd-4^th, 5^th-7^th and 8^th-10^th. Repeated-sprint ability (RSA) testing induced substantial changes in the maximal velocity component, with a decrease (–15%) in v₀ (effect size (ES)?=?–2.46 to –4.98), and to a lower extent (–5.9%) in the maximal force component F₀ (ES?=?–0.59). D_RF moderately decreased (14%; ES=–0.76–1.11), and RF_peak largely decreased in the later sprints (ES?=?–0.32 to –1.27). Fatigue observed in this RSA test appeared to have a greater effect on the technical ability to produce horizontal force at high velocities, likely due to an alteration in the ability to maintain horizontally oriented force application when velocity increases rather than during the initial acceleration phase, but also the overall force production capacity. The ability to maintain forward-oriented force at high velocities is of central importance for identifying fatigue and monitoring load.     

Repeated Reading,Turn Taking,and Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)

This single participant multiple baseline research design measured the effects of repeatedly reading narrative books to children who used voice output augmentative communication devices to communicate. The study sought to determine if there was a difference observed in the number of turns taken when reading stories repeatedly. Three girls ranging in age from seven to nine listened to a different illustrated narrative book during each baseline session. During the intervention phase, a single illustrated book was read repeatedly to each child for six sessions followed by an additional intervention of a second illustrated book for six more sessions. Two of the three participants took more turns during the repeated reading when comparing mean scores. Upon visual inspection it appears the increases were generally in the first couple of repeated readings and then a slope return was displayed toward the baseline level over the six repeated readings. Implications for practice are shared.     

Student teachers’ skills in the implementation of collaborative learning: A multilevel approach

This study explores the development of student teachers’ skills in implementing collaborative learning (CL) using a multilevel repeated measures design. Participants were 105 pre-service teachers that were trained in CL implementation. The results indicate that student teachers generally perform well in implementing CL. Further, it appears that these skills increase over time, although no linear growth can be found. Student teachers’ skills development appears to be positively connected with their general feeling of teaching efficacy. Surprisingly, training and students’ pedagogical knowledge have no significant impact.     

《订讹类编》卷三重文号研究条原貌辨

《订讹类编》目前主要通行两个版本,两个版本卷三重文号研究条存在较大龃龉且都有疏漏,非《订讹类编》本来面貌。此条当代研究与引用较多,但多数研究者对版本中存在的问题未予指出,影响到结论的价值,有的研究者甚至由于未注意到版本中存在的问题而得出了十分不科学的结论。此条标题应作＂重字不可作：＂,而内容中重文标记既反映了古人的书写习惯,也反映了著者得出认识的重要根由,宜从嘉业堂丛书本作＂二＂。     

少儿图书馆利用教育的重新审视

少儿图书馆利用教育在新的形势下呈现出反复性、关联性、主体性、多元性的新特点,开展图书馆利用教育,应积极培养读者群体,唤醒和提高少儿读者及家长的少儿图书馆意识,打造图书馆"服务品牌",开展典型化图书馆利用教育,建立少儿图书馆利用教育考评制度。