Differential effects of norm-referenced and self-referenced feedback on performance expectancies,attributions, and motivation

When feedback is provided to students in a norm-referenced manner that compares the individual's performance to that of others, people who perform poorly tend to attribute their failures to lack of ability, expect to perform poorly in the future, and demonstrate decreased motivation on subsequent tasks. The present study examined the hypothesis that the deleterious effects of failure might be attenuated when failure is expressed in self-referenced terms—relative to the individual's known level of ability as assessed by other measures. In this study, subjects received feedback indicating that they did well or poorly on an anagram test, and this feedback was described as either norm-referenced (comparing the individual's performance to that of others) or as self-referenced (comparing performance to other measures of the individual's ability). As predicted, compared to norm-referenced failure, self referenced feedback resulted in higher expectancies regarding future performance and increased attributions to effort. Contrary to expectations, attributions to ability were not affected. The implications of the results for the structure of academic feedback are discussed.     

关于大学更好地为社会服务的若干思考

当前,大学要服务社会已经成为一种共识,但如何更好地为经济社会服务,却是一个有待深入探讨的重要问题.本文结合福建师范大学近年来的办学实践,就此问题,总结了几点经验.     

对毛泽东探索社会主义建设道路的浅思

毛泽东作为新中国的缔造者,作为马克思主义中国化的首创者,在中国社会主义道路的探索中有成功的经验,也有挫折的教训,为中国新时期的社会主义建设提供了鲜活的正面和反面的历史教材,探析成功的经验和挫折的教训,有助于开创性发展中国特色社会主义事业。     

Attributions in a mastery instructional system: Is an emphasis on effort harmful?

Self-worth theorists have claimed that students of lower ability may reduce effort in likely failure situations to avoid the attribution of poor performance to their own incompetence. The likely success of mastery learning, an instructional technique stressing student persistence, has been questioned because of this phenomenon. Several studies which examined the hypothesized relationship between achievement, effort, and perceived ability within a mastery context were conducted. In none of the studies did it appear that students reduced effort because of the threat of failure or that expending effort led to lower estimates of ability. In fact, students expending effort rated their ability as having a more positive influence on performance than less persistent students. It is argued that mastery learning, like some achievement change programs, encourages students to attribute their performance to their level of effort.     

The functional meanings of behaviors: A factor analytic study of motivational orientations in Virgin Islands students

One hundred and sixty-five high school students in the Virgin Islands were asked to rate the extent to which they associate each of 62 behaviors with their concepts of “success,” “joy,” and “satisfying expectations.” They were also asked to rate the frequency with which they performed each of the behaviors. Results indicated that Virgin Islands students associate the word “success” not with academic behaviors, but with being modern, attractive, and nurturing. Moreover, individual students are less apt to perform those behaviors which Western teachers believe lead to academic success and more apt to perform those behaviors which the sample as a whole associates with being successful. The data indicate that although many Virgin Islands students enjoy traditional island activities, they do not feel successful when they engage in them. The results of the investigation are interpreted within the context of what is known concerning achievement behaviors of middle-class American youth, and implications are drawn for the teaching of young persons from diverse cultural backgrounds who attend classes conducted in the Western mode.     

刍论民族传统体育的现代流变与发展趋势

我国民族传统体育的发展,从民间自发零散的群众组织,逐渐发展为国家组织的多样化发展格局。通过运用文献资料法、逻辑分析等研究方法,对民族传统体育的现代流变进行分析、梳理,提出民族传统体育发展的趋势。进入学校,进入教育体系是民族传统体育的必由之路;市场经济的发展给民族传统体育提供了新的发展机遇,面向市场、面向大众是民族传统体育发展的动力;着眼于发展群众体育、走健身愉心的民族传统体育生活化道路,是体育异化的回归,顺应了跨世纪的社会需求。进而为民族传统体育的可持续发展提供理论参考。     

Feedback complexity and corrective efficiency

College undergraduates read a 2400-word passage, responded to 16 multiple-choice questions, and received one of four types of feedback following their responses. Complexity of feedback was inversely related to both error correctability and criterion efficiency taken as a ratio of feedback study time to post-test corrects. The results were discussed in terms of depth of processing and instructional comprehension.     

In search of the keyword method/vocabulary comprehension link

Previous research has indicated that the keyword method of vocabulary learning facilitates students' performance not just on simple tests of definition recall, but on comprehension-demanding tasks as well. The present study was conducted to determine whether the “comprehension” finding could be accounted for by keyword subjects' superior definition recall per se. The results generally supported that conclusion: When conditions and subjects within conditions were equated with respect to their initial levels of definition recall, the comprehension advantage of keyword subjects disappeared.     

职业运动员文化教育现状浅析

当今社会的激烈竞争,给退役运动员的再就业带来很大影响,职业运动员的文化教育问题也成了人们最关心的问题,学与训的矛盾一直困扰着从事运动员文化教育工作的人.通过对职业运动员的文化教育现状的分析,为研究退役运动员再就业渠道提供参考.     

我国保护奥林匹克标志的局限性及法律对策

在解析奥林匹克标志和特殊标志的基础上，指出我国奥林匹克标志法律保护的局限性，表现为专门法上的疏漏、专门法与国际法、普通法的衔接不流畅、法理上的冲突使特殊标志保护的理论有待完善、执法成本控制不足造成政府资源和司法的浪费等。对策：借鉴国外的先进经验和立法技术，对特殊标志权的保护做进一步明晰规范，增强执法的可操作性。提出完善我国特殊标志权保护体系的构想。