大学教师的公仆型领导角色研究

"教师成为公仆型领导者"是美国新兴的教育理念。在大学教学中引入公仆型领导理念,符合当前我国大学教育的需要。大学教师应把领导者和服务者的双重身份合而为一,并以服务先行。本项研究结果表明,教师的公仆型领导行为有助于提高学生对课程的满意程度、学习意愿和信心,并有助于提升教师在学生中的声誉。研究结果为在我国大学教育中贯彻公仆型领导理念提供了实证支持。     

Athletic performance and recovery–stress factors in cycling: An ever changing balance

Abstract

We sought to examine whether the relationship between recovery–stress factors and performance would differ at the beginning (Stage 1) and the end (Final Stage) of a multi-stage cycling competition. Sixty-seven cyclists with a mean age of 21.90 years (SD?=?1.60) and extensive international experience participated in the study. The cyclists responded to the Recovery–Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport) and rated their performance (1?=?extremely poor to 10?=?excellent) in respect to the first and last stage. Two step-down multiple regression models were used to estimate the relationship among recovery (nine factors; e.g. Physical Recovery, Sleep Quality) and stress factors (10 factors; e.g. Lack of Energy, Physical Complaints), as assessed by the RESTQ-Sport and in relation to performance. Model 1 pertained to Stage 1, whereas Model 2 used data from the Final Stage. The final Model 1 revealed that Physical Recovery (β?=?.46, p?=?.01), Injury (β?=??.31, p?=?.01) and General Well-being (β?=??.26, p?=?.04) predicted performance in Stage 1 (R²?=?.21). The final Model 2 revealed a different relationship between recovery–stress factors and performance. Specifically, being a climber (β?=?.28, p?=?.01), Conflicts/Pressure (β?=?.33, p?=?.01), and Lack of Energy (β?=??.37, p?=?.01) were associated with performance at the Final Stage (R²?=?.19). Collectively, these results suggest that the relationship among recovery and stress factors changes greatly over a relatively short period of time, and dynamically influences performance in multi-stage competitions.     

Effects of a resistance-training programme on endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response and mitochondrial functions in PBMCs from elderly subjects

Abstract

Aging has been related with a decline in the ability to handle protein folding, which leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress and alterations in unfolded protein response (UPR). Importantly, physical activity could activate the UPR and attenuate or prevent age-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction. The current study evaluated the effects of a resistance exercise on UPR and mitochondrial functions in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from elderly subjects. Thirty healthy women and men (age, 72.8, s_x??=?2.2 years) were randomized to a training group, which performed an 8-week resistance training programme, or a control group, which followed their daily routines. The phosphorylation of PERK and IRE1, as well as ATF4, and XBP1 protein expression, significantly increased following the training, while expression of BiP, AFT6 and CHOP remain without changes. Additionally, the intervention also induced an increase in PGC-1α and Mfn1 protein levels, while no changes were found in Drp1 expression. Finally, the resistance protocol was not able to activate PINK1/Parkin and Bnip3/Nix pathways. The results obtained seem to indicate that 8-week resistance exercise activates the UPR, stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis, maintains mitochondrial dynamics and prevents mitophagy activation by unfolded proteins in PBMCs from elderly subjects.     

体育运动与大学生心理压力的实证研究

大学生压力问题是当前高校关注的重点问题。本研究运用《大学生压力测评问卷》,对692名北京高校在读大学生进行调查,结果发现：1）大学生的整体压力感介于“有点压力”和“中度压力”之间：其中,人际压力最小,前途压力最大;2）非运动群体大学生在整体压力感、人际、学业、经济、前途和个人日常压力上得分也均显著高于运动群体大学生;3）女大学生压力偏高,但总的来说,男女大学生压力差异不显著;4）大四学生的压力相对较大,大一、大二的压力相对较小。     

高校学生党支部建设及作用发挥研究

高校学生党支部是党在高校的基层组织,当代大学生的培养是关系国家命运的伟大工程,做好高校学生党支部建设对提高学生思想政治理论水平,促进良好学风、班风,具有重要作用.文中通过分析目前高校学生党支部建设现状,探寻高校学生党支部建设和作用发挥的途径.     

论大体积混凝土的裂缝控制

为有效控制裂缝的产生,文章从力学角度出发,分析了提高各龄期混凝土的弹性模量和降低温差混凝土的强度。混凝土温度收缩应力在大体积混凝土施工中,由于水泥水化热引起混凝土浇注内部温度和温度应力剧烈变化,由此而产生的温度应力是导致混凝土产生裂缝的原因。     

Managing pressure: patterns of appraisals and coping strategies of non-elite and elite athletes during competition

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare moment-to-moment appraisals and coping strategies of 4 non-elite and 2 elite male trap shooters during competitions and in particular during periods of competition perceived as critical to performance. Appraisals and coping patterns of trap shooters were captured via verbal reports of thinking provided between sets of shots during major competitions. Verbal reports were coded according to an appraisal and coping typology. Coded data as well as shooting performance data were subjected to a sequential analysis of probabilities of pairs of events. Fewer reports of negative appraisals (NEGAs) and more frequent reports of problem-focused coping (PFC) were observed among both elite athletes compared to non-elite athletes. After making a NEGA, non-elite shooters often progressed to the next target without attempting to cope, whereas elite shooters used both PFC and emotion-focused coping (EFC) before proceeding to the next target. After missing a target, the non-elite athletes used more EFC than expected. These results indicate that elite athletes are more likely to cope with NEGAs than non-elite athletes using a wider variety of coping strategies. Athletes might benefit from increased awareness of the potentially detrimental impact of NEGAs on performance and by integrating coping strategies within preparatory routines.     

Cardiopulmonary loading in motocross riding

Abstract

The present study was designed to examine physiological responses during motocross riding. Nine Finnish A-level motocross riders performed a 15-min ride at a motocross track and a test of maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O_2max) in the laboratory. Cardiopulmonary strain was measured continuously during the ride as well as in the [Vdot]O_2max test. During the ride, mean [Vdot]O₂ was 32 ml · kg^?1 · min^?1 (s = 4), which was 71% (s = 12) of maximum, while ventilation (V _E) was 73% (s = 15) of its maximum. The relative [Vdot]O₂ and V _E values during the riding correlated with successful riding performance (r = 0.80, P < 0.01 and r = 0.79, P < 0.01, respectively). Mean heart rate was maintained at 95% (s = 7) of its maximum. Mean blood lactate concentration was 5.0 mmol · l^?1 (s = 2.0) after the ride. A reduction of 16% (P < 0.001) in maximal isometric handgrip force was observed. In conclusion, motocross causes riders great physical stress. Both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism is required for the isometric and dynamic muscle actions experienced during a ride.     

Creatine supplementation does not decrease oxidative stress and inflammation in skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise

Abstract

Thirty-six male rats were used; divided into 6 groups (n = 6): saline; creatine (Cr); eccentric exercise (EE) plus saline 24 h (saline + 24 h); eccentric exercise plus Cr 24 h (Cr + 24 h); eccentric exercise plus saline 48 h (saline + 48 h); and eccentric exercise plus Cr 48 h (Cr + 48h). Cr supplementation was administered as a solution of 300 mg · kg body weight^?1 · day^?1 in 1 mL water, for two weeks, before the eccentric exercise. The animals were submitted to one downhill run session at 1.0 km · h^?1 until exhaustion. Twenty-four and forty-eight hours after the exercise, the animals were killed, and the quadriceps were removed. Creatine kinase levels, superoxide production, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level, carbonyl content, total thiol content, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, interleukin-1b (IL-1β), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kb), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) were analysed. Cr supplementation neither decreases Cr kinase, superoxide production, lipoperoxidation, carbonylation, total thiol, IL-1β, NF-kb, or TNF nor alters the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxides in relation to the saline group, respectively (P < 0.05). There are positive correlations between Cr kinase and TBARS and TNF-α 48 hours after eccentric exercise. The present study suggests that Cr supplementation does not decrease oxidative stress and inflammation after eccentric contraction.