Force–velocity property of leg muscles in individuals of different level of physical fitness

The present study explored the method of testing muscle mechanical properties through the linear force–velocity (F–V) relationships obtained from loaded vertical jumps. Specifically, we hypothesised that the F–V relationship parameters depicting the force, power, and velocity of the tested muscles will differ among individuals of different physical fitness. Strength trained, physically active, and sedentary male participants (N = 10 + 10 + 10; age 20–29 years) were tested on maximum countermovement and squat jumps where manipulation of external loads provided a range of F and V data. The observed F–V relationships of the tested leg muscles were approximately linear and mainly strong (median correlation coefficients ranged from 0.77 to 0.92; all p < 0.05), independently of either the tested group or the jump type. The maximum power revealed higher values in the strength trained than in the physically active and sedentary participants. This difference originated from the differences in F-intercepts, rather than from the V-intercepts. We conclude that the observed parameters could be sensitive enough to detect the differences among both the individuals of different physical fitness and various jump types. The present findings support using loaded vertical jumps and, possibly, other maximum performance multi-joint movements for the assessment of mechanical properties of active muscles.     

Determining optimal cadence for an individual road cyclist from field data

The cadence that maximises power output developed at the crank by an individual cyclist is conventionally determined using a laboratory test. The purpose of this study was two-fold: (i) to show that such a cadence, which we call the optimal cadence, can be determined using power output, heart-rate, and cadence measured in the field and (ii) to describe methodology to do so. For an individual cyclist's sessions, power output is related to cadence and the elicited heart-rate using a non-linear regression model. Optimal cadences are found for two riders (83 and 70 revolutions per minute, respectively); these cadences are similar to the riders’ preferred cadences (82–92?rpm and 65–75?rpm). Power output reduces by approximately 6% for cadences 20?rpm above or below optimum. Our methodology can be used by a rider to determine an optimal cadence without laboratory testing intervention: the rider will need to collect power output, heart-rate, and cadence measurements from training and racing sessions over an extended period (>6 months); ride at a range of cadences within those sessions; and calculate his/her optimal cadence using the methodology described or a software tool that implements it.     

Effects of load mass carried in a backpack upon respiratory muscle fatigue

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether loads carried in a backpack, with a load mass ranging from 0 to 20?kg, causes respiratory muscle fatigue. Methods: Eight males performed four randomised load carriage (LC) trials comprising 60?min walking at 6.5?km?h^?1 wearing a backpack of either 0 (LC₀), 10 (LC₁₀), 15 (LC₁₅) or 20?kg (LC₂₀). Inspiratory (P_Imax) and expiratory (P_Emax) mouth pressures were assessed prior to and immediately following each trial. Pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate (HR), blood lactate and glucose concentration and perceptual responses were recorded during the first and final 60?s of each trial. Results: Group mean P_Imax and P_Emax were unchanged following 60-min load carriage in all conditions (p?>?.05). There was an increase over time in pulmonary gas exchange, HR and perceptions of effort relative to baseline measures during each trial (p?p?>?.05). Conclusions: These findings indicate that sub-maximal walking with no load or carrying 10, 15 or 20?kg in a backpack for up to 60?min does not cause respiratory muscle fatigue despite causing an increase in physiological, metabolic and perceptual parameters.     

"紧逼防守"现代篮球运动发展的趋势

随着篮球运动的快速发展,各队在训练中越来越重视对防守的训练,比赛中通过具有攻击性的防守及防守阵型的突然变化,扰乱攻方进攻节奏,给攻方造成心理压力.利用这种战术反败为胜的例子屡见不鲜.本文通过对紧逼防守、区域防守等防守战术的变化及训练谈一些看法.     

矿井多风机风压优化计算机调节系统设计

经过对多风机通风网络分析,利用现有的VNETPC模拟程序,建立了多风机风压优化计算机调节系统.该系统允许计算机自动调整多风机风压,直到各用风地点获得最佳可接受的风量分配为止.     

基于嵌入式系统的汉字显示方案

对嵌入式系统的产生、发展及其特点做了简要介绍,同时较为详细地探讨了嵌入式系统的汉字显示原理、程序设计方法与步骤。,}程序运行的结果为,在屏幕横坐标为x0,纵坐标为y0处,用LIGHTRED颜色显示"处处花开"4个汉字。3结束语由以上的程序可以看出,嵌入式系统下汉字的显示由于建立了小型的汉字库使得程序运行时的效率提高,节省开销,同时随着嵌入式技术的深入发展,更好的交互环境对程序设计者的提出更高层次的要求,中国的设计人员就必然面临中文汉字与西文操作系统之间互相匹配的问题,因此对在嵌入式系统下显示汉字的研究的基础,同时也是非常必要的,对我们今后更深入的软件开发提供了良好的条件。     

广义线性系统极点配置的方法

研究了广义线性系统的极点配置问题，利用矩阵的奇异值分解和矩阵的广义逆得到了广义线性系统的奇异值标准形，使得广义线性系统的极点配置问题转变为正常系统的极点配置问题，从而给出广义线性统极点配置的一种新方法。     

一种高速网络下分布式入侵检测体系结构的设计与实现

随着网络速度不断提高和规模的快速扩展,对入侵检测系统的模型、结构和实现技术提出了新的需求。在深入分析和讨论现有入侵检测模型和技术优缺点的基础上,针对高速网络的特点,本文提出了一种层次可变的树状分布式入侵检测体系结构。该结构可以根据网络规模的变化动态地进行配置,各节点的增加和删除采取注册和注销的方式,而且树状结构中的每一个独立节点都可视为一个完整的入侵检测系统。利用动态负载均衡与基于协议分析的多模式匹配技术对其进行实现。     

两个著名不等式的统一证明

首先证明了数b1，b2，…，bn的一个加权平均不等式链Hn(b,P)≤(Pn ∑Pibi)/(Pn ∑Pi/bi)≤Gn(b,P)≤[∑Pibi/(1 bi)]/[∑Pi/(1 bi)]≤An(b，P)，用这个结果证明了名的王-王不等式和ky Fan不等式链Hn(b,P)/Hn(1-b,P)≤Gn(b,P)/Gn(1-b,P)≤An(b,P)/An(1-b,P)。     

广义正交矩阵的几个性质

推广了正交矩阵 ,并研究了广义正交矩阵在行列式、特征根、伴随矩阵等问题中的四个性质