远程开放教育成本与效益分析

远程开放教育运用广播电视和计算机网络多媒体技术,使受教育者的数量无限,与国家的“科教兴国”、“全面学习,终身学习”的教育战略相符。但是新技术投资的成本高,其效益的估算难,且如何减少成本,提高效益是有待研讨的课题,需要认真进行分析。一、远程开放教育成本核算的重要意     

Comment on Dissociation between running economy and running performance in elite Kenyan distance runners

Mooses and colleagues suggest that running economy alone does not explain superior distance running performance in elite Kenyan runners. Whilst we agree with the multi-factorial hypothesis for Kenyan running success, we do not believe that running economy can be overlooked to the extent that it was based on this particular study. Based on the methods used and the range of athletes tested, in this response letter we question whether this study provides any basis for downplaying the influence of running economy or suggesting that other factors compensate for it to enable superior performance.     

Predictive value of ventilatory inflection points determined under field conditions

The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive potential provided by two ventilatory inflection points (VIP₁ and VIP₂) examined in field without using gas analysis systems and uncomfortable facemasks. A calibrated respiratory inductance plethysmograph (RIP) and a computerised routine were utilised, respectively, to derive ventilation and to detect VIP₁ and VIP₂ during a standardised field ramp test on a 400 m running track on 81 participants. In addition, average running speed of a competitive 1000 m run (S_1k) was observed as criterion. The predictive value of running speed at VIP₁ (S_VIP1) and the speed range between VIP₁ and VIP₂ in relation to VIP₂ (VIP_SPAN) was analysed via regression analysis. VIP_SPAN rather than running speed at VIP₂ (S_VIP2) was operationalised as a predictor to consider the covariance between S_VIP1 and S_VIP2. S_VIP1 and VIP_SPAN, respectively, provided 58.9% and 22.9% of explained variance in regard to S_1k. Considering covariance, the timing of two ventilatory inflection points provides predictive value in regard to a competitive 1000 m run. This is the first study to apply computerised detection of ventilatory inflection points in a field setting independent on measurements of the respiratory gas exchange and without using any facemasks.     

福州市中年人参加健身跑现状的调查研究

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等,对福州市中年人参加健身跑的情况进行调查分析,明确健身跑运动对中年人身体健康的意义和作用,旨在为中年人更好地进行健身跑运动,提供参考。     

How much does lower body strength impact Paralympic running performance?

Objectives: Development of evidence-based methods of Paralympic classification requires research quantifying the relative strength of association between ratio-scaled measures of impairment and athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to quantify the extent to which muscle strength affects running performance in runners with and without brain impairment. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Participants were 41 male runners: 13 with brain impairments (RBI) and 28 non-disabled (NDR). All participants completed a maximal 60-m sprint and a novel battery of three lower limb isometric strength tests. Results: RBI showed significantly lower strength scores compared with NDR on the more affected side in leg flexion (176 vs. 243?N), leg extension (993 vs. 1661?N) and plantarflexion (824 vs. 1457?N). Significant differences were also seen on the less affected side in plantarflexion (1072 vs. 1508?N). RBI were significantly slower in the acceleration phase (0–15?m) (3.2?s?±?0.3?vs. 2.8?s?±?0.2) and top speed phase (30?60?m) (4.3?s?±?0.6?vs. 3.8?s?±?0.3). Correlation analysis showed stronger relationships between strength and running performance in RBI than NDR; however, the correlations were not significant. Conclusions: This study evaluated measures to assess strength for the purposes of classification and found that the measures were significantly different in RBI compared with NDR indicating the tests were able to capture strength impairment in this population. This study indicates that strength may be an important impairment type to assess in this population, as impairments of muscle strength may influence the outcome of running performance in athletes with more severe impairments.     

One hundred and fifty years of sprint and distance running – Past trends and future prospects

Sprint and distance running have experienced remarkable performance improvements over the past century. Attempts to forecast running performances share an almost similarly long history but have relied so far on relatively short data series. Here, we compile a comprehensive set of season-best performances for eight Olympically contested running events. With this data set, we conduct (1) an exponential time series analysis and (2) a power-law experience curve analysis to quantify the rate of past performance improvements and to forecast future performances until the year 2100. We find that the sprint and distance running performances of women and men improve exponentially with time and converge at yearly rates of 4% ± 3% and 2% ± 2%, respectively, towards their asymptotic limits. Running performances can also be modelled with the experience curve approach, yielding learning rates of 3% ± 1% and 6% ± 2% for the women's and men's events, respectively. Long-term trends suggest that: (1) women will continue to run 10–20% slower than men, (2) 9.50 s over 100 m dash may only be broken at the end of this century and (3) several middle- and long-distance records may be broken within the next two to three decades. The prospects of witnessing a sub-2 hour marathon before 2100 remain inconclusive. Our results should be interpreted cautiously as forecasting human behaviour is intrinsically uncertain. The future season-best sprint and distance running performances will continue to scatter around the trends identified here and may yield unexpected improvements of standing world records.     

从代理成本角度对我国上市公司资本结构的实证研究

融资结构或资本结构问题一直是公司财务理论研究的重要内容。从隐性融资成本——代理成本的角度研究我国上市公司的资本结构问题，可以为公司财务管理决策者安排合理的融资结构、实现公司价值最大化目标提供决策依据。     

浅谈如何加强工程造价管理

随着房地产市场的发展,要求开发企业必须对项目投资实施全过程的高效成本控制,从组织、技术、经济、合同与信息等方面,挖掘潜力,降低成本,提高投资效益和社会效益。从对影响工程造价比较大的立项决策阶段、设计阶段、招标投标阶段、施工阶段和竣工结算阶段五个方面论述了如何有效地控制建设项目造价,提高投资效益。     

英国开放大学的办学特色浅探

开放大学是英国高等教育中的一种创举，它不仅为英国高等教育的大众化提供了新的进程，而且为世界远程教育的发展作出了重要贡献。本主要探讨了英国开放大学的办学特色，以期为我国高等学校远程教育的发展提供一些有益的借鉴。     

在净现值法评价中单利的转换和运用

在评价方案投资决策的净现值法分析中，所用的折现率是复利。复利折现率的确定在某些情况下就是银行存、贷款的复利率。而我国的银行存、贷款利率是单利，单利是不能直接用来计算净现值，确定方案的取舍的。这样我们就应将单利用一定的方法折为复利率，然后再用此折合后的复利率作为折现率来计算评价方案的可行性。