Surgeons as medical school educators: an untapped resource

Despite extensive experience teaching residents, surgeons are an untapped resource for educating medical students. We hypothesized that by involving surgeons as teachers earlier in the medical school curriculum, medical students' interest in surgery will increase and their opinions of surgeons will improve. Five programs designed to involve surgeons as educators in the medical school curriculum were implemented. The first program, started in 2008, introduced surgical faculty into the first-year medical student anatomy dissection laboratories. Other programs initiated in 2008 included: Surgical Clinical Correlates in Anatomy, which involved faculty teaching through cadaver surgery; Clinical Pathologic Conferences in Anatomy, a surgeon-led conference based on clinical cases; and a women's faculty-student mentorship program. Table Rounds, a surgeon-led anatomy review that used clinical scenarios to quiz students was begun in 2009. All five programs were successfully integrated into the medical school curriculum. While student opinion of surgeons as educators improved, there were no significant changes in student interest in surgery as a career nor change in performance on written examinations over the Anatomy content covered by the surgeons. Surgical faculty and trainees can be integrated into the medical school curriculum. Involving surgeons as educators earlier in the medical school curriculum may have longer term effects than could be observed in this study. At a minimum, the experience improved student opinion of surgeons as educators.     

Resident perceptions of anatomy education: a survey of medical school alumni from two different anatomy curricula and multiple medical specialties

In 2004, the University of Michigan Medical School reduced its gross anatomy curriculum. To determine the effect of this reduction on resident perceptions of their clinical preparedness, we surveyed alumni that included residents from the original and new shortened curricula. A Likert-scale survey was sent to four classes of alumni. Respondents were compared in old curriculum (OC) and new curriculum (NC) groups, surgical specialty (SS) and nonsurgical specialty (NS) groups, and subgroups of SS and NS were compared for differences between OC and NC. Mean response scores were compared using independent samples T-tests. As a single population (n = 110), respondents felt their anatomy education prepared them well for residency, that a more robust anatomy curriculum would be helpful, that dissection was important to their residency preparation, and that a 4th year anatomy elective was effective in expanding their anatomy education and preparing them for residency. No significant difference existed between OC and NC groups, neither as a whole nor as SS and NS subgroups. The SS group felt dissection was more important to their residency preparation than the NS group (P = 0.001) and that a more robust anatomy curriculum would have better prepared them for residency (P = 0.001). Thirty percent of SS respondents who did not take a 4th year elective commented that they wish they had. Fourth year anatomy electives were highly valued by residents, and respondents felt that they should be offered to students as a way of revisiting anatomy following the 1st year of clinical training.     

The trend of body donation for education based on Korean social and religious culture

Until a century ago, Korean medicine was based mainly on Oriental philosophies and ideas. From a religious perspective, Chinese Confucianism was prevalent in Korea at that time. Since Confucianists believe that it is against one's filial duty to harm his or her body, given to them by their parents, most Koreans did not donate their bodies or organs for education in the past. However, by the end of the 20th century, a unique fusion of Western and Oriental medicines were produced on the Korean Peninsula, revolutionizing traditional perspectives on the human body, mortality, and the relationship of medical science to society. Koreans began to think about others' lives as well as their own by realizing the importance of donating one's organs and bodies for scientific purposes. Since then, the number of people donating their bodies to Korean medical and dental schools for the purpose of improving academic learning has increased dramatically. In response, Korean medical schools have begun to hold various types of funeral ceremonies to honor body donors. We have compared such ceremonies performed in Korea with those performed in the United States of America and Taiwan. These ceremonies are viewed as a suitable way to pay proper respect to the dead and to promote knowledge about body donation programs in Korea. Overall, the transition of religions and social ethics in Korea has greatly facilitated body bequeathal programs, benefiting both medical education and the Korean public health administration.     

Medical students' attitudes toward the anatomy dissection room in relation to personality

Assessment of the personalities of medical students could enable medical educators to formulate strategies for the best development of academic and clinical competencies. In this article, we focus on the experience of students in the anatomy dissecting room. While there have been many attempts to evaluate the emotional responses of medical students to human cadaveric dissection, there has been no investigation into how different personality traits affect the responses. The main hypothesis tested was that there is a relationship between personality traits and attitudes toward the dissection room. For the present study, a group of French medical students (n = 403; mean age 21.3 ± 1.6; 65.3% female) completed a "Big Five" personality inventory and a questionnaire to assess their attitudes in regard to human dissection. The findings are consistent with our hypothesis, in that we found a relationship between reporting anxiety and four of the "Big Five" dimensions (all except openness). The rated level of anxiety was positively correlated with negative affectivity, more strongly at the beginning than at the end of the course. There were significant gender differences in attitudes toward dissection. The findings are discussed in relation to the possibility of preparing students for the dissecting room experience and also in relation to the students' understanding of mortality issues.     

Team-based learning in anatomy: an efficient, effective, and economical strategy

Team-based learning (TBL) strategy is being adopted in medical education to implement interactive small group learning. We have modified classical TBL to fit our curricular needs and approach. Anatomy lectures were replaced with TBL that required preparation of assigned content specific discussion topics (in the text referred as "discussion topics"), an individual self-assessment quiz (IRAT), analysis of the discussion topics, and then the team retaking the same quiz (GRAT) for discussion and deeper learning. Embryology and clinical correlations were given as lectures. Unit examinations consisted of graded IRAT and GRAT. The National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Subject Examination was the comprehensive final examination. To evaluate the effect of TBL on student performance we compared the departmental and NBME subject examination scores between the traditional and TBL curricula. We collected five years of data on student performance in TBL-based anatomy and lecture-based preclinical courses. Our results show that departmental and NBME subject examination scores for TBL-based anatomy were higher than those for lecture-based anatomy. We subsequently compared average NBME scores for anatomy with those in other preclinical courses that were lecture-based. Average NBME anatomy scores were significantly higher than those for all the lecture-based preclinical courses. Since the introduction of TBL in anatomy, student performance has progressively improved in the NBME subject examination. Students perceived TBL as a motivator to be a responsible team member and to contribute to collective learning by the team. Further, it reinforced self-directed learning and fostered an appreciation for peer respect. Interestingly, these perceptions were uniform irrespective of student course performance.     

乡村人口收缩背景下经济发达地区村庄用地演变：以江苏省常熟市为例

在乡村人口收缩背景下,部分地区村庄用地规模持续增长。为研究这一现象,以经济发达的江苏省常熟市为例,基于2009-2013年土地利用变更调查数据,结合多时相高清卫星影像识别村庄用地类型,阐释村庄用地的演变特征,并从土地供需角度探究村庄用地持续扩张的机制。将村庄用地划分为村庄商服住宅用地、村庄工业用地和其他村庄用地3类。分析结果表明：1）2009-2013年,常熟市村庄工业用地净增量占比53.92%,是乡村空间扩展的主要原因,商服住宅用地净增量占17.88%,且以住宅用地的增长为主;2）常熟市村庄住宅用地持续增长主要源于地方政府对农村社区建设用地补偿过量,村庄工业用地的快速扩张则主要源于乡村工业化的持续推进、企业生产利益追逐及地方政府对财税和经济增长的追求。乡村价值回归提升趋势下,人口收缩的乡村发展转型和土地节约集约利用势在必行。乡村生活空间合理集中化、生产空间进一步集约化、保留和改善生态空间,从而实现乡村“三生一体”。     

统筹城乡发展中促进村落体育公共服务发展的策略研究

摘要：为促进乡村社会和谐发展和体育事业全面发展,以统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区成都市的行政村16岁以上常住居民、主管文体工作的村干部、村落非正式或正式的体育组织为研究对象,综合运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈调查法、数理统计法对村落体育公共服务存在的问题、原因及发展策略进行研究。主要研究结论为：村落体育公共服务存在村民参与体育活动的比例不高、村民的总体满意度评价不高、供给总体水平不高且不均衡、自组织能力较差、村民的参与程度较低、发展的长效机制尚未建立等问题,这些问题产生的原因本质上看是体制和机制不健全所致。为此,要建立相应的村落体育公共服务的分工体制、财政支撑体制、多元参与机制和监督机制,解决政府对村落体育公共服务的制度化投入问题,以及提高政府投入的效果和效率;最大限度地动员市场、第三部门和村落社区参与村落体育公共服务的供给与生产,实现村落体育公共服务供给与生产的多元化和可持续性。     

地方性知识视阈下我国农村公共体育服务供给理念的反思及重构

摘要：主要借助个案,通过文献资料、问卷调查和文本分析等主要研究方法,重点就当前我国农村公共体育服务供给理念特征、科学性与否及其如何优化3个问题,展开了更为充分的探讨和研究。研究结果表明：我国农村公共体育服务供给理念是同质化的,供给过程当中也多带有效率优先、标准取向和非区域视野主要特征;公共体育设施维护与监管、利用率与满意度、民俗体育的发展及传承等方面,农村公共体育服务供给理念科学性尚需进一步完善。。有鉴于此,在结合地方性知识理论启示意义基础上,就我国农村公共体育服务供给理念的优化路径提出：立足视点转换,凸显老百姓主体地位;依“智”而行,分层递进,努力提升我国农村公共体育服务供给中的适切性、实效性和专业化发展水平;以及重地域情境,加强“普适性知识”的适应性改造,以切实保证农村公共体育服务供给中相关政策的制定和执行真正能够起到规范和激励效果等重要意见和建议。旨在为我国农村公共体育服务的有效供给,提供重要的启示和借鉴意义。     

乡村治理视野下农村公共体育服务社区化供给研究

运用文献资料法、实地调研法、访谈法和数理统计法,以闽西农村公共体育服务社区化供给为研究对象,阐述乡村治理与农村公共体育服务社区化供给的内涵,分析其面临的机遇,并结合闽西农村公共体育服务社区化供给的现状,提出乡村治理视野下完善农村公共体育服务社区化供给的实施路径：发挥政府的投资主导作用,积极拓宽筹资渠道;健全村民需求表达机制,实现村民的有效参与;创新服务供给管理机制,提升社区化服务供给效能;创新服务供给参与机制,提升社区化服务供给的积极性;大力培育发展社区社会组织,搭建服务供给的良好平台。旨在构建以政府为主导、社区为平台、基层体育社团组织为载体、多元供给主体协同参与的供给机制,实现农村公共体育服务供需有效对接,提升服务供给的效率和水平。     

医学类高职高专学校体育教学评价指标体系的研究

借助课程论和教学论等学科的理论,采用文献资料法、问卷调查法和统计分析法,分析医学类高职高专学校体育教师的教学评价指标体系,并根据医学类高职高专学校体育教学评价的现状,优化和完善医学类高职高专学校体育教学的指标评价体系,促进和提高教师的教学效率,最终达到提高人才培养质量的目的。