论世界历史整体的复杂性

复杂性是世界历史整体的基本属性之一,主要表现在世界历史本身所具有的自组织性、各种过程的交叉融合、关联因素的不断增加以及发展路向的不确定性等。文章运用复杂学的理论范式和方法,把世界历史整体当作一个复杂巨系统来进行研究,揭示了世界历史整体的复杂性的一般特征,试图对世界历史整体的复杂性有一个更加科学、更加清晰的认识。     

基于工作过程的秘书写作教学观

基于工作过程的秘书写作教学是一种融教学过程和写作过程于一体的新型秘书写作教学方法。它要求按秘书成长规律和工作实际确定教学内容,按工作过程设计、组织情境教学,并构建与之一致的教学评价体系。     

The dynamic relationship between response processes and self-regulation in critical thinking assessments

Our aim was to explore higher education students’ response and self-regulatory processes plus the relationship between these, as evidenced in two types of performance-based critical thinking tasks included in the Collegiate Learning Assessment (CLA+) International instrument. The data collection consisted of 20 cognitive laboratories. The data were analyzed using a qualitative approach. The tasks were found to trigger different response and self-regulatory processes. Overall, the performance task evoked more holistic processes than the selected-response questions, in which students’ processes were more question-oriented. The results also indicated the entanglement of students’ response and self-regulation processes. Three self-regulation groups were identified. Students with versatile self-regulation skills were able to complete the task thoroughly, whereas students with moderate self-regulation skills faced challenges in monitoring and evaluating their performance. Students who were lacking in self-regulation struggled both with the task as a whole and their own progress. Implications for higher education are discussed.     

自反视角下高管团队团队过程、团队信任对决策绩效的影响

把团队自反性和团队信任相结合引入高管团队(TMT)理论,并对相关文献进行梳理,提出研究假设及理论模型,通过对有效样本数据进行层级回归分析,探究TMT团队信任对团队过程和决策绩效的中介作用及TMT团队自反性对团队过程和团队信任的调节作用。研究结果表明,TMT团队过程对决策绩效具有显著的正向影响;TMT团队过程对团队信任也具有显著的正向影响;TMT团队信任对决策绩效也具有显著的正向影响;因此,TMT团队信任能中介团队过程对决策绩效的正向影响。另外,TMT团队自反性能调节团队过程对团队信任的正向影响。     

元明清“湘黔滇驿道”建置过程及路线变迁

"湘黔滇驿道"特指元、明、清三代东起辰州沅陵,西达中庆昆明的官修驿道。该驿道在元代始获国家开发,贯通的标志是元王朝在普安路段建立站赤。元明政权更替后,该驿道在明洪武年间得到重建,重建后驿站数量增加,路线也较元代清晰。清雍正年间,该驿道再次经历大规模调整,调整后驿道有多段北移。经历三朝变化的"湘黔滇驿道",最终对湘、黔、滇三地的现代交通建设产生了深远影响。     

Mathematical development: the role of broad cognitive processes

This study investigated the role of broad cognitive processes in the development of mathematics skills among children and adolescents. Four hundred and forty-seven students (age mean [M] = 10.23 years, 73% boys and 27% girls) from an elementary school district in the US southwest participated. Structural equation modelling tests indicated that calculation complexity was predicted by long-term retrieval and working memory; calculation fluency was predicted by perceptual processing speed, phonetic coding, and visual processing; problem solving was predicted by fluid reasoning, crystallised knowledge, working memory, and perceptual processing speed. Younger students’ problem solving skills were more strongly associated with fluid reasoning skills, relative to older students. Conversely, older students’ problem solving skills were more strongly associated with crystallised knowledge skills, relative to younger students. Findings are consistent with the theoretical suggestion that broad cognitive processes play specific roles in the development of mathematical skills among children and adolescents. Implications for educational psychologists are discussed.     

Lifelong learning policies supporting young adults in two Portuguese regions

ABSTRACT

Precarious jobs and unemployment have become common issues for many young adults due to the unfavourable labour market situation in Portugal. Against this background, lifelong learning (LLL) policies have been called in to play a role in creating economic growth and supporting the social inclusion of young adults in vulnerable educational and economic circumstances. These policies are defined at the national level; however, their implementation depends on the action of local actors who face specific challenges. This paper explores disparities in the definition and implementation of LLL policies targeting young adults in two Portuguese regions. Specifically, we analyse professional courses in Vale do Ave (North) and adult education and training courses in Alentejo Litoral (South). These regions were selected due to their dissimilar economic structure. This study adopted a qualitative approach through interviews with LLL experts and policy roundtables with local stakeholders and decision-makers in both regions. Data were transcribed and analysed using NVivo 10. The study shows that the two regions have different cooperation networks between local stakeholders, and that these impact the opportunities to influence the regional skills formation system differently. Also, the study shows that LLL policies are not designed to address destandardised life courses.     

Constructing Scientific Explanations Through Writing

This study examined the writing strategies andtext characteristics associated withdiscovering a scientific principle by writingabout an experiment. Sixty-four universitystudents (non-science majors) carried out aphysics experiment concerning either buoyancy,or the forces acting on a balance scale, thenwrote an informal journal-style note about itwhile thinking-aloud. They providedexplanations of the phenomena beforeexperimenting, immediately after experimenting(before writing), and again after writing aboutthe experiment. Students' verbal protocolswere segmented and writing operations wereidentified; the rhetorical structures of theirtexts were analyzed; and each students' levelof general writing strategy was identified. Afactor analysis showed that six componentsaccounted for 76% of the variance in thesemeasures. Logistic regression analysis showedthat type of science experiment and two writingfactors, Problem Solving and Comparisons inText, discriminated 86% of cases in whichstudents made explanatory gains during thewriting interval. The results generallyexemplified a metacognitive, problem solvingmodel of writing to learn. However, incontrast to dominant metacognitive models,setting content goals, applying moderatelysophisticated writing strategies, and extensiveuse of content sources were important for learning.