Changes in the prevalence of child sexual abuse, its risk factors, and their associations as a function of age cohort in a Finnish population sample

Objective

We examined (1) the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) experiences as a function of cohort and gender, (2) the prevalence of factors associated with CSA as a function of cohort and whether the association of these factors with CSA remained the same irrespective of cohort, and (3) whether any cohort differences could be explainable by cohort differences in reporting bias.

Method

We used the responses of 4,561 men (M = 29, SD = 7 years) and 8,361 female (M = 29, SD = 7 years) Finnish participants who responded to the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form as well as questions regarding family structure.

Results

The prevalence of CSA experiences varied between 0.7-4.6% for men and 1.8-7.5% for women depending on the item. Younger cohorts reported less CSA as well as less of the risk factors (physical neglect and abuse, emotional neglect and abuse, parental substances abuse, not growing up with both biological parents) that were positively associated with the likelihood of CSA. The effects of these risk factors did not vary as a function of the cohort. Also, the declining trend was not explainable by social desirability being higher in the younger cohorts.

Conclusions

The results suggest that there is a real decline in the prevalence of CSA and it is associated with a simultaneous decline in factors associated with CSA.     

短期封闭式综合干预对肥胖男少年体成分、瘦素及睾酮的影响

目的:探寻短期(15天)封闭综合干预对肥胖男少年体成分、瘦素及性激素的影响,为防治少年肥胖,改善性发育不良提供科学的实验依据.方法:10名体脂含量正常男少年为对照组,10名肥胖男少年为实验组(给予短期综合干预),干预前测定对照组与实验组相关指标进行组间比较,干预后测定实验组相关指标进行组内比较.结果:干预前实验组体成分、血糖、胰岛素、瘦素均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01;P＜0.01;P＜0.01;P＜0.05),睾酮显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);干预后实验组体重、体脂含量、体脂率、瘦体重、血糖、胰岛素、瘦素、睾酮均显著下降(P＜0.01;P＜0.01;P＜0.01;P＜0.01;P＜0.01、P＜0.01、P＜0.01、P＜0.05);胰岛素与体重、体脂含量、体脂率、瘦体重呈正相关(P＜0.05;P ＜0.01;P＜0.01;P＜0.05),瘦素与体脂含量、体脂率、胰岛素呈正相关(P＜0.05;P＜0.01;P＜0.05).结论:短期(15天)的综合干预能有效地减少肥胖男少年的体脂含量,改善胰岛素抵抗和瘦素抵抗,但对改善肥胖男少年性发育不良暂时无明显影响,长期的影响还有待进一步的研究.     

论中西教育差别

随着全球化发展趋势的加强,我国的教育事业也在逐步同世界接轨。西方各国的教育发展较早,教育体制也相对完善,尽管还是有一些问题存在,但是我国可以取其精华去其糟粕,在教育事业的发展过程中学习其以往成功的经验。本文将通过分析中西教育的诸多不同,引发一些对我国教育制度的改革和完善的思考。     

欧洲性教育标准述评

随着欧洲各国对性教育重要性认识的提高,加之欧洲各国性教育发展水平不一致,性教育标准多样,无统一的标准,不利于各国相互借鉴以改善性教育。鉴于此,世界卫生组织欧洲区域办事处和联邦健康教育中心于2010年联合制定了欧洲性教育标准。该标准从信息、技能、态度三个方面对6个年龄段的性教育制定具体的内容。该标准首次引入全面性教育(holistic sexuality education),重新定义了性教育年龄段,丰富了性教育的内容,并强调各个年龄段前后衔接。欧洲性教育标准值得借鉴,中国今后在性教育方面应摒弃传统性教育观念、倡导"全面性教育",注重学校性教育内容的广泛性与实用性,以一种积极、整体的方式讲授关于性健康和预防性侵犯的知识,并注重培养高尚的性道德,树立正确的性价值观。     

Feminine Consciousness—From the perspective of Gender Markedness

Some researches have been conducted concerning the Markedness Theory about the marked and the unmarked, from aspects of Phonetics, Grammar, Pragmatic, Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic. Few researches have combined the Markedness Theory with literature theories and even no research has been done to study the Feminism Theory from the perspective of the Markedness Theory. This paper discusses markedness theory with regard to two basic issues: Why it is ok to say"历史"in Chinese, but the equivalent in English is"history", not"*herstory". Why the meaning of"governor"and"governess"is distinctively different? No research concerning the issues from the perspective of markedness has been conducted yet. This paper gives a brief review of the studies concerning the Markedness Theory, on the basis of which the question is aroused.     

Motivational factors in discussing sexual health with young people with chronic conditions or disabilities

The objective of this study was to identify determinants of professionals’ intention to use the new board game SeCZ TaLK to facilitate sexual health discussions with young people with chronic health conditions and disabilities, and to gauge whether intention led to actual use. A cross-sectional web-based survey of 336 professionals before they received the game sought to measure their intention to use SeCZ TaLK, their attitudes towards discussing sexuality, social professional environment, self-efficacy, opinion on the feasibility of using the game and experience discussing sexuality. Actual use of SeCZ TaLK was assessed at follow-up (N = 105). Professionals with higher self-efficacy and more experience in discussing sexual health were more likely to intend to use the game. At follow-up, intention to use explained 21% of the variance in actual use. SeCZ TaLK fits easily into the daily practice of professionals working in assisted-living and day-care facilities; other professionals experienced greater difficulty integrating the game into their practice. Despite this, SeCZ TaLk was also used across a wide range of settings including in psycho-educational groups, group consultations in hospitals and group therapy in rehabilitation centres. Professionals appreciated the board game SeCZ TaLK, but actual use depended on their own motivation and skills and compatibility with work routines.     

Sexuality education in India: examining the rhetoric,rethinking the future

Comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) has been recognised globally as key to helping young people assert their sexual and reproductive rights. In India too, there is growing awareness of the importance of providing CSE not only to reduce sexually transmitted infections, unintended pregnancies and abortions but also to teach important life skills. Simultaneously, lack of political will and conflicting interests among certain religious and political factions have ensured that no uniform CSE curriculum has been implemented throughout the country. This paper analyses the Adolescent Education Programme teacher curriculum as revised in 2009–2010 by the National Council of Educational Research and Training and the United Nations Population Fund. It highlights some of the opportunities presented by the curriculum and argues that despite its intent of providing relevant sexuality education for young people, the language of the curriculum is vague, thus potentially exacerbating confusion, and excluding people who do not conform to societal stereotypes of sex, gender, and ability. In order to be holistic, any CSE programme must be inclusive, cater to diverse needs and present content in a rights-based language without adding to the socio-cultural context of mystery and shame attached to sexuality.     

Impact and cost-effectiveness analysis of the national school-based sexuality education programme in Estonia

Policy-makers making decisions on the implementation of school-based sexuality education (SE) programmes face two important questions: (1) what are the costs of implementing and scaling up SE programmes, and (2) what are the impacts? This paper responds to these questions by retrospectively assessing costs, impact and cost-effectiveness of the national school-based SE programme in Estonia 1997–2009. The three-year curriculum had been taught to 190,000 students at the end of 2009. The cost of reaching one student was USD 32.90 and the total costs were USD 5.6 million. There has been a remarkable improvement in sexual health indicators in the age groups 15–19 and 20–24 years in Estonia between 2001 and 2009. During this period, annual abortions, STIs and diagnosed HIV infections in the age groups were reduced by 37%, 55% and 89%, respectively. It is difficult to assess to what extent the improvements in these sexual health indicators are attributable to the SE programme. Nevertheless, our conservative threshold analysis indicates that the Estonian SE programme could be considered cost-saving if only 4% of the observed reductions in HIV infections are attributable to the programme. There is strong evidence, therefore, to support that the Estonian school-based sexuality programme has been cost-effective.     

论中国少数民族的月经禁忌与女性民俗

一些少数民族由于受认识水平的限制,往往把妇女经期正常的流血现象与恐惧和死亡的观念联系起来,认为经血会带来极其可怕的后果,进而把所有曾与经血有任何关系的人和物都看成是不洁的.针对经期妇女的这种认知起着极为负面的影响,行经妇女被作为一个特殊身份的群体而受到歧视,她们的行为方式也受到各种传统禁忌与习俗的制约.     

非乌托邦时代的苟活——短篇小说《挂满星星的房间》解读

对社会普通民众的生存状态的拷问是《挂满星星的房间》的基本立足点,而其关注焦点则是人的性欲和感情、理性的对峙与纠缠。在对欲罢不能的性欲的欲说还休中,意味深长的性意象、苟活的在世状态、欲望焦虑、对人生和生命的思考、写作技巧等,既有批判现实主义的影子,又充满了现代主义的意识。