基于多级视角模型的风能产业对比研究

基于多级视角理论模型,结合行动者-网络的视角对比了中国、丹麦和德国的风能产业系统的演化,以此探究从风能大国向风能强国的动力和机制。多案例的对比研究促进了多级视角理论的发展,分析表明,发达国家和发展中国家产业的多级视角模型有较大差异:前者起步于利基市场的突破性技术创新;后者起步于技术的引进、消化和吸收,因而系统的演化路径也不尽相同。结论显示,管理体制直接影响产业发展模式和技术创新方式;技术创新、市场需求和制度建设是否协同是影响三个国家产业竞争力差异的关键,因此促进多主体的广泛参与、鼓励多样化的技术创新显得尤为重要。     

广东省能源消费增量合理性分析

控制能源消费总量是促进节能减排和转变经济发展方式的重要途径。在分析经济社会发展和能源消费特点的基础上,从经济社会发展、产业转型升级、区域协调发展和新上重大项目等多个角度对广东能源消费增量进行合理性分析,并给出未来在满足广东社会经济发展情景下能源消费总量控制的合理水平。     

熵增与能量"贬值"

本文简要介绍了熵的微观意义，熵增导致能量“贬值”。     

中国工业能源碳排放面板数据估算:1998—2010年

为弥补相关研究对中国工业碳排放估算过于粗略的不足,利用IPCC推荐的碳排放核算方法,基于30个省级行政区和36个两位数细分行业的工业能源消费数据,对1998—2010年中国工业能源碳排放总量、地区工业能源碳排放及工业细分行业能源碳排放进行估算,结果表明:工业能源碳排放占据中国能源碳排放的70%左右,主要集中分布在东部沿海地区(尤其是环渤海地区)和能源开采与加工、金属冶炼、设备制造及化工制品等重化工行业。因此,工业节能减排应考虑行业差异、地区差异及区域比较优势,依据行业与地区差别制定和实施适宜的工业低碳转型战略,推动工业结构优化升级与发展方式转变。     

Leg amputation side determines performance in curve sprinting: a case study on a Paralympic medalist

The lower limb kinetics of curve sprinting in amputees are not well described in the literature, particularly with respect to the effect of the side of amputation. This is an issue due to the importance of the knowledge for prosthetic design and classification of athletes. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of side of amputation on curve sprinting performance in athletes with a unilateral leg amputation. A three-dimensional motion analysis system (Vicon), four force plates (Kistler) and a modified mathematical human model (ALASKA) were used to compare clockwise and counter clockwise curve sprinting lower limb kinematics and kinetics of a Paralympic medalist with a left-sided knee exarticular amputation. Results reveal that vertical ground reaction force application and total vertical impulse were lower when the affected limb was at the inside of the curve. The unaffected limb showed joint mechanics different to those established for non-amputee athletes and might contribute better to propulsion when being the inside limb. Curve sprinting biomechanics and the ability to attain high radial velocities are directly dependent on the side of amputation relative to the curve direction in a unilateral amputee athlete of highest performance level.     

全身振动介入抗阻力训练对能量消耗的影响研究

探讨全身性振动介入抗阻力训练对能量消耗的影响,为体重控制及健身减肥者制定有效的运动处方提供依据。方法：以我院体育教育专业健康男性为对象,利用气体代谢分析仪及心率表对"振动介入+抗阻力训练"（实验组,Resistance exercise+Vibration,REV）及单纯"抗阻力训练"（对照组,Resistance exercise, RE）模式下的摄氧及能量消耗等指标进行监测,并运用SPSS17.0对相关指标进行统计分析。结果：1）REV组在训练中及训练后0-25分、25-50分的总每分钟能量消耗及每分钟最大摄氧显著高于RE组;2）抗阻力训练结束后相当长的时间内以脂肪消耗供能为主,表现为REV组脂肪供能比例明显高于RE组;3）抗阻力训练能显著提升训练中呼吸交换率及换气量,表现为REV组提升率高于RE组。结论：全身性振动介入抗阻力训练可比单纯抗阻力增加更多能量消耗,且在训练后恢复期能提升脂肪供能比例,故控体重运动员及健身减肥者将振动作为辅助训练手段是非常有效的。     

基于ActiGraph GT3X监测网球运动能量消耗的研究

目的:应用ActiGraph GT3X对网球运动等非周期性运动能量消耗进行测评,建立适合网球运动能耗预测的回归方程,从而丰富ActiGraph测量体系.方法:以K4b2测量值作为校标,分别在拍柄、持拍手手腕外侧、腰部髂肌外侧、大腿中央前侧和脚踝外侧(持拍手同一侧肢体)各佩戴一个加速度计(ActiGraph GT3X),同步对网球运动中不同球速下(30 km/h、60 km/h)的原地正、反手击球,侧向移动正、反手击球,向前移动正、反手击球,侧向移动正反手交替击球和模拟自由单打的运动过程进行监测.结果:腰部、大腿和踝关节部位GT3X的EE和MET预测值存在明显低估,与K4b2测量值一致性较低;手腕和拍柄部位GT3X的EE和MET预测值存在明显高估,与K4b2测量值一致性较低;研究建立了2个网球运动能耗预测回归方程,经检验其预测值与实测值没有显著性差异.结论:运用ActiGraph GT3X对网球等隔网对抗运动项目进行监测存在显著误差,EE和MET的预测存在明显高估或低估的现象;基于ActiGraph GT3X所建立的能耗预测方程能对网球运动进行有效的运动监测.     

A new footwear technology to promote non-heelstrike landing and enhance running performance: Fact or fad?

This study sought to compare the kinetics and kinematics data in a group of habitual shod runners when running in traditional running shoes and newly designed minimalist shoes with lug platform. This novel footwear design claims to simulate barefoot running and reduce energy loss during impact. We compared footstrike angle (FSA), vertical average (VALR) and instantaneous (VILR) loading rates, energy loss and initial vertical stiffness between two shoe conditions. Runners demonstrated a decreased FSA while running in minimalist shoes with lug platform than traditional shoes (P = 0.003; Cohen’s d = 0.918). However, we did not observe a landing pattern transition. VALR and VILR between two footwear conditions showed no significant difference (P = 0.191–0.258; Cohen’s d = 0.304–0.460). Initial vertical stiffness (P = 0.032; Cohen’s d = 0.671) and energy loss (P = 0.044; Cohen’s d = 0.578) were greater when running in minimalist shoes with lug platform. The results show that minimalist shoes with lug platform reduce the FSA but may not lead to a landing pattern switch or lower vertical loading rates. Interestingly, the new shoe design leads to a greater energy loss than traditional running shoes, which could be explained by a higher initial vertical stiffness.     

步行和日常体力活动能量消耗的推算

目的:研究不同步速下行走时的能量消耗水平,进而推导出根据计步器参数推算步行能耗和一日总能耗的方程,以期为进一步开发计步器功能提供参考依据。方法:研究对象为在校大学生共计30名(男性15名,女性15名)。受试者身体右侧平肚脐锁骨中线处和腋前线交点处分别佩带计步器,在跑台上分别以3.2、4.8、6.4、8.1、9.7 km/h 5种速度步行800 m,记录计步器计数和实际步数,通过间接热量法测试步行代谢情况。佩带计步器一周,记录每日计步器计数,每日填写Bouchard体力活动日记。结论:以不低于正常步速行走时,计步器可以精确记录步数,放置位置不同对步数记录无影响。随着速度加快,步频加快,步幅加大,单位能耗增加。但在完成相同距离步行时,运动强度(速度)不同,总热量消耗不完全一致,能量消耗不仅与单位能耗有关,运动时间也是重要的因素。根据计步器参数推算步行能量消耗和一日总能量消耗的公式分别为:步行能量消耗(kca l)=0.43×身高(cm) 0.57×体重(kg) 0.26×步频(步/m in) 0.92×时间(m in)-108.44。一日能量消耗(kca l)=0.05×一日计步器计数(步) 2213.09×体表面积(m2)-1993.57。     

皮划艇项目供能的特征及其营养的补充

对皮划艇项目供能及营养补充进行了探讨,分析皮划艇项目的供能特点,有针对性地安排运动员的营养补充,合理的摄取糖、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素和矿物质。