The differential effects of prior knowledge on learning: A study of two consecutive courses in earth sciences

We studied the occurrence and nature of learningin a university first year Introduction toGeomorphology course, and its relations with priorknowledge taught in a prerequisite course, and withthe prior knowledge in the to be learned subjects. Tendimensions of knowledge were tapped before and afterthe course by conventional and cognitive structuremeasures that were derived by the concept mappingmethodology. The fine-grain analysis of learningoutcomes yielded the following results: (a) studentsacquired only a small portion of the content in thecourse Introduction to Geomorphology, (b) the priorgeological and geomorphological knowledge did notaffect the learning of the new geomorphologicalcontents, (c) the minor effects appeared within ratherthan across knowledge dimensions, and they affectedmainly the learning of smaller knowledge units, and(d) concept definition cannot be considereda valid probe of knowledge. The differential effects of prior knowledge question thecentral, global and undifferentiated role that schematheories ascribe to prior knowledge in futurelearning. They call for greater reference to theexposed dimensions of knowledge by suggestingadditional factors to be considered in the sequencingof courses, as well as to the acquisition of complexknowledge with partial meaning of the basic knowledgeunits, and the use of new cognitive structure probesof knowledge.     

中国近代史研究需要创新

经过20世纪初期以来几代学的努力开拓和辛勤耕耘,中国近代史学科已经取得丰硕的学术成果。史学界对中国近代史的研究无论其深度还是广度,都超过对史学其他学科的研究,几乎所有当代名历史学家都曾涉猎过近代史研究领域。可以这样说,近代史学科的框架、体系、基本内容和研究理论已经基本成熟。但就目前而言,近代史学研究似乎处于停滞状态,以至于出现某种危机。这种情况已经引起近代史学界的重视。一个基本思路是：近代史学科体系和近代史研究理论需要创新,各专门史研究需要创新,对具体事件和人物的研究也需要创新。     

信息网络发展的负面影响及对策研究

随着互联网络在我国的飞速发展及高度信息化的网络社会的到来,网络所带来的信息污染、政治渗透、网络安全等负面效应已成为信息时代必须尽快加以解决的重大课题。在对网络负面影响分析的基础上,提出了信息资源网络化建设进程中应采取的对策。     

农民建房救灾资金分配效果评价指标体系的构建

通过对农民建房救灾资金分配的社会认可程度的分解,运用层次分析法构建了分配效果评价指标体系;在采用格栅获取法对调查问卷结果进行量化处理的基础上,对定性指标和定量指标进行了标准化处理,从而得到基于公众认可的综合评价结果;最后以陕西省华县渭河水灾后农民建房救灾资金的分配效果为例进行了验证性的评价。     

上市公司技术创新的就业效应——基于高管持股的门槛效应研究

以488家上市公司作为样本研究高管持股影响下企业技术创新的就业效应,实证结果表明:当前中国企业技术创新对就业效应的影响是非线性的,并根据高管持股比例的变化表现出区间效应。不同行业、性质的企业技术创新的就业效应存在差异。其中,国有制造企业技术创新的就业效应表现为破坏效应,随着高管持股比例的增加破坏效应逐渐减弱,其他企业技术创新的就业效应随着高管持股比例的增加表现为先创造后破坏;股权集中度的提升能够提高国有企业的就业水平,却对民营企业的就业产生破坏;股权制衡度对国有企业特别是国有制造企业就业的影响是显著的,但是对民营企业的影响并不显著;两权分离度的提高对国有制造企业的就业产生破坏效应,而在民营制造企业则表现出创造效应。     

Web检索工具性能效果比较研究

利用Web检索工具的帮助文件，比较研究了Yahoo!、AltaVista、Infoseek、Excite、Web Crawler和Magellan的检索性能，并通过教育、科普和体育方面的三个查询实例比较研究了Yahoo!、Alta Vista和Excite的检索效果。对全面获取有效信息提出了建议。     

知乎问答社区回答者知识贡献行为受同伴效应影响研究

社会化问答社区的出现改变了原有的问答模式并拓展了知识获取的途径。回答者作为知识的主要贡献者,是促进问答社区内知识传递的核心要素。现有关于问答社区用户的研究普遍以用户的属性数据为依据,较少考虑使用个体连接所形成的关系数据进行分析。本文以中文问答社区"知乎"为研究对象,爬取了"流行音乐"和"英语学习"两个话题下的大规模数据,通过构建回答者关注关系网络,定义和量化直接连接和间接连接两类同伴关系,使用网络自回归模型探究同伴效应对知识贡献行为的影响。研究发现,回答者的知识贡献行为会受到直接和间接连接同伴效应的正向影响,但是间接连接同伴效应会随着回答者网络密度的增加而逐渐减弱甚至消失,聚类系数对回答者的知识贡献行为有负向影响。     

试论维州扭转唐蕃对峙局势的重要性

安史之乱后,吐蕃乘唐朝内乱之机入寇唐王朝边境,掠西北、西南边地数十城,陷河陇,成唐王朝后期的最大边患。在唐蕃对峙时期发生的维州事件,作为牛李两党在边疆对外问题态度上显著分歧的重要表现,唐史学界历来有不同的看法。笔者认为,维州在唐蕃对峙中占有重要地位。结合唐王朝西北、西南边地形势的变化,唐王朝纳降维州,可以达到震慑吐蕃,使吐蕃遭受前后夹击,从而扭转唐蕃对峙局势的效果。     

"单片机技术"实践教学改革的思考

在深入分析了就业市场和有关的职业岗位技能的需求以及单片机技术教学特点的基础上,结合本课程的特点,特别是实践教学的经验及不足,对职业院校单片机实践教学进行了探讨,提出了单片机实践教学改革的主要思路和具体措施,并对课程的发展前景进行了分析.     

Genetic analysis of fruit shape traits at different maturation stages in sponge gourd

The fruit shape is important quantitative trait closely related to the fruit quality. However, the genetic model of fruit shapes has not been proposed. Therefore, in the present study, analysis of genetic effects for fruit shape traits （fruit length and fruit perimeter） in sponge gourd was conducted by employing a developmental genetic model including fruit direct effects and maternal effects. Analysis approaches of unconditional and conditional variances were applied to evaluate the genetic behavior of fruit shape traits at economical and physiological maturation times. The results of variance analysis indicated that fruit length and fruit perimeter were simultaneously affected by fruit direct genetic effects and maternal effects. Fruit direct genetic effects were relatively more important for fruit shape traits at whole developmental period. The gene expression was most active at the economical maturation stage （1-12 d after flowering） for two shape traits, and the activation of gene was mostly due to direct dominance effects at physiological maturation stage （13-60 datter flowering）. The coefficients due to different genetic effects, as well as the phenotypic correlation coefficients, varied significantly between fruit shape traits themselves at various maturation stages. The results showed that it was relatively easy to improve fruit shape traits for industrial purpose by carefully selecting the parents at economical maturation stage instead of that at physiological maturation stage.