延展理性与枢轴知识论的困难——对一种反激进怀疑论方案的考察

维特根斯坦在其晚期哲学的核心著作《论确定性》一书中,基于对摩尔反怀疑论论证的批评,对枢轴命题和知识的关系等进行了系统研究,这为一种反激进怀疑论和知识论的建构提供了重要资源。根据学界对维氏文本的多维解读,相关的体系性建构面临基本困难。科里瓦提出延展理性的观点,即将认知理性延展到认知实践的基础上,意图建立一种所谓的枢轴知识论,但她对枢轴命题的处理仍有遗留问题。在考察普理查德对枢轴命题的非信念式阐述后,我们认为在语境主义基础上,结合了延展理性的枢轴知识论建构并非不可能的。     

学术论文评价中的"刊本位"评析

学术论文评价中存在种种误区,其中较为严重的是"刊本位"取向问题,即将期刊的水平和质量作为衡量论文的水平和质量的根本标准.这种取向既是对期刊评价的误读,也是学术评价行政化的一种使然.要根本纠正这种取向,可以借用默顿提出的普遍主义和有组织的怀疑主义规范来调控学术论文评价活动.     

神话作为文献材料和艺术起源实证材料的质疑

如何确定远古献材料以及所记载的历史的真实性有很多难题。神话具有它的历史和学的价值，但它作为献材料能否作为艺术起源研究的实证材料值得质疑。     

Hope and climate change: the importance of hope for environmental engagement among young people

Although many young people think climate change is an important societal issue, studies indicate that pessimism is quite common. Finding ways to instill hope could therefore be seen as vital. However, is hope positively related to engagement or is it only a sign of illusory optimism? The aim of the study was to explore if hope concerning climate change has a significant relation to pro-environmental behavior as well as an impact on behavior when controlling for already well-known predictors such as values, social influence, knowledge, and gender. Two questionnaire studies were performed, one with a group of Swedish teenagers (n?=?723) and one with a group of Swedish young adults (n?=?381). ‘Constructive’ hope had a unique positive influence on pro-environmental behavior. Hope based on denial, however, was negatively correlated with pro-environmental behavior in the two samples and was a significant negative predictor in the teenage group. The conclusion is that hope is not only a pleasant feeling but could also work as a motivational force, if one controls for denial. Implications for education concerning sustainable development are discussed.     

“不崇洋·不唯书·只求实”——医学期刊编辑应弘扬的精神

"不崇洋、不唯书、只求实"是已故国际著名肾脏病专家黎磊石院士对医学研究精神的归纳,同时可作为医学期刊编辑所应弘扬的"不盲目崇洋、勇于质疑、求真务实"精神的凝练。文章从不崇洋、不唯书、只求实3方面探讨医学期刊编辑应具备的精神,以期为同人提供参考。     

实践逻辑视域下科学秩序的信任架构

 囿于“理论逻辑”的“学究式谬误”,实证主义科学话语体系固守“证伪主义”的科学教条,认为如果科学家信任他人,则“既置入了认识论错误,又具有道德危险”。然而,科学场域的实践逻辑表明,富有道德色彩的“情感型信任”内嵌于科学实践之中,它是科学场域内生的一种结构性资源,甚至科学知识体系本身就是一张由环环相扣的信任链条精心编织的“信任之网”。即使是科学认知层面的带有权宜性的怀疑,也依赖于道德层面的人际信任,科学信任既是怀疑的逻辑起点——即使彻底的科学怀疑主义者也基于一定的信任架构,也是怀疑的价值归宿点——科学怀疑的目的不是主张从道德尺度对科学家进行价值评判,而是提倡通过富有建设性的科学对话,增进科学家之间的信任和合作。有鉴于此,理应批判科学实证主义的话语霸权,从而在科学场域构筑一条从怀疑走向信任的科学通道。     

戴维森的外在主义

外在主义是戴维森晚期思想的重要主题之一。戴维森的外在主义同奎因的彻底翻译理论具有密切的关系,其基本主张是：我们自己同外在世界、他人之间存在着因果联系,这种外在性的关系以及由此形成的三角架构构成了知识的基础。三角架构是思想成为可能的必要条件,这是戴维森的外在主义与语言理解或知识的关系的真正内涵。戴维森的外在主义具有驳斥怀疑论的功能,它是以杜绝怀疑论发生的可能性来达到这一目的的。     

休谟的怀疑论及其所引起的辩护

休谟的怀疑论为人类理性提出了一系列崭新的课题。休谟对理性本身、知识客观性的根据以及客观物质世界的存在等方面所进行的卓有建树的怀疑论论证成果,至今仍然是困扰人类理性的巨大难题,当然对其怀疑论立场的每一方面,后来的思想者都作出了相应的辩驳与回应,休谟的怀疑论本身及人们对其“怀疑”的防护都是意义重大的。     

Political homophily on social network sites and users' poll skepticism

Although many studies have investigated citizens' attitudes toward polls and the political consequences, there have been no studies examining the effects of social network site (SNS) users' opinion environments on their poll skepticism. Based on prior studies on poll skepticism, we examine the relationship between perceived SNS opinion environments, poll skepticism, perceived concerns over the negative influence of the polls, and voting intention in an upcoming election. Using the survey data of the 2012 South Korean General Election, this study found that if the published polls are against respondents' political position, their homophilous SNS opinion environments promote poll skepticism, and augmented poll skepticism leads to concerns over the negative influence of the polls on other voters, which in turn increases voting intention.     

反休谟怀疑论的模态论证为何失败--兼论模态经验论的辩护范围

近几年来,模态认识论领域见证了模态怀疑论的复兴和模态经验论的崛起。前者宣称我们的模态辩护仅限于关于日常生活的陈述;后者宣称我们的模态辩护来自关于现实世界的经验研究。霍克(Peter Hawke)以两者为共同工作前提,提供了一套基于经验论的模态认知理论。进而,他构造了一个反休谟怀疑论的模态论证,并用该经验论的模态认知理论为其提供辩护。文章指出霍克的模态论证面临两难,该两难导致他对休谟怀疑论的攻击是失败的。进一步,文章解释了植根于这个两难背后的根源:霍克的基于经验论的模态认知理论辩护范围过窄。存在一些形而上学可能但非物理可能的命题,霍克的模态认知理论无法解释它们的可能性。