Voluntary sports clubs as ‘schools of democracy’? Critique of German sports science

ABSTRACT

In Western societies, modern sports have always been subjected to diverse expectations of social benefits. One especially bold and frequently repeated claim is that voluntary sports clubs serve as ‘schools of democracy’. Based on a pragmatist framework of critique, the present study provides the first comprehensive map of evidence on this subject from German sports science, revealing limitations in the content, research methodologies, and democratic theories of past studies. Based on the shortcomings identified in the established concept of democracy underlying past research, an alternative theory is proposed, rooted in John Dewey's pragmatist philosophy of democracy. The final outcome is essentially alternative ‘schools of democracy’, basically prepared to be tested in further empirical studies.     

Social influence in relation to current and intended physical activity among adolescents

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of social support and negative social influence from various contexts on adolescents’ current and intended physical activity. Questionnaire data were obtained from 1156 students aged 16–17 years. Relationships among variables were examined with principal component analysis and structural equation modelling. Social influence from several contexts was strongly related to current and intended physical activity, particularly among students in work preparing school programmes. Social support in a sport club context provided the strongest unique contribution to the relationship with physical activity, and social support from an outside perspective (e.g. suggestions, help to plan, and positive talk about physical activity), from the contexts school and leisure, had multidimensional effects. Social support could exist in tandem with experiences of negative social influences (e.g. complaints, critique, teasing). In conclusion, it is necessary to expand our understanding of processes that surround supportive as well as negative social influences on adolescents’ level of physical activity and distinguish between main, buffering, and intervening effects of social support.     

Sport commitment and participation in masters swimmers: The influence of coach and teammates

Abstract

This study investigated how coach and teammates influence masters athletes' sport commitment, and the effect of functional and obligatory commitments on participation in masters swimming. The sample consisted of 523 masters swimmers (330 males and 193 females) aged between 22 and 83 years (M = 39.00, SD = 10.42). A bi-dimensional commitment scale was used to measure commitment dimensions and perceived influence from social agents. Structural equation modelling analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of social agents on functional and obligatory commitments, and the predictive capabilities of the two types of commitment towards sport participation. Support provided by coach and teammates increased functional commitment, constraints from these social agents determined higher obligatory commitment, and coach constraints negatively impacted functional commitment. In addition, both commitment types predicted training participation, with functional commitment increasing participation in team training sessions, and obligatory commitment increasing the hours of individual training. The findings suggest that in order to increase participation in masters swimming teams and reduce non-supervised training, coach and teammates should exhibit a supportive attitude and avoid over expectation.     

群众体育发展模式的结构创新

摘要：群众体育是我国体育事业的重要组成部分，经多年发展，逐步形成了“政府主导、部门协同、全社会共同参与”的发展模式。随着市场经济改革进一步深化，我国社会主要矛盾转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，现有群众体育发展模式已无法满足人民对健康生活的追求，迫切需要在国家治理体系层面上对其进行改革完善。通过文献资料分析法，对群众体育发展模式的结构进行剖析，对未能明确的主要问题进行梳理，发现现有模式存在主体不明、承担者模糊、发展方式单一，体育社会组织参与不够等问题。由此，提出群众体育发展模式的新思路及结构模型，明确政府、社会组织、市场在群众体育发展模式当中各自的作用、发展主体及性质。群众体育“政府引导、社会参与、公民主体、市场推动”的发展新模式将成为新时代体育事业发展的源动力。暨人民中心和公民主体地位充分体现，政府引导方式和责权范围明晰，体育社会组织参与主办承办者身份明确，社会自我组织有效管理，市场参与度高，体育服务供给丰富。以期对我国群众体育的长效发展提供建议及切实有效的发展路径，深入落实全民健身战略，提高人民健康水平。     

基层体育社会组织参与体育合作治理的主体决策与动态演化——基于演化博弈模型的分析

基层体育社会组织是新兴体育治理主体,它与政府合作治理,能够减少治理成本、提升治理效率,高效满足群众体育需求,有效弥补政府失灵和市场失灵。研究构建基层体育社会组织与政府合作治理的演化博弈模型,探究两主体合作治理的影响因素、生成过程与机理,分析最优选择与促进合作治理持续的策略。结果表明:合作治理产生的必要条件是互利互惠。超额收益、合作成本和合作效率是影响合作决策的关键因素。当合作治理的超额收益大于合作成本时,双方的最优策略选择是(合作,合作)。成功的合作治理是一种长期稳定的关系,促进合作治理维持的有效方式是双方对公共体育事务的高效处理实现平衡利益,实现共赢。具体措施包括完善信任机制、明晰职能关系、提升组织自治能力。     

基于他人伦理框架的体育治理研究

对体育治理实践展开伦理追问是促进体育治理发展的重要前提。体育治理他人所传达的内涵为社会与社会多元体育治理主体,据此,体育治理他人伦理问题有"相对他人"和"绝对他人"的二元面向:其一,应重视他人需要,基于伦理视角考量体育治理手段的正当性,对复杂体育治理关系包含的伦理意蕴加以反思;其二,确证社会多元体育治理主体的他人地位,认可并尊重他人的客观存在,与他人协同共治,并在体育治理中可以对他人负责。体育治理他人伦理的根基是诚实守信,目标导向为体育资源配置的公平公正,具体包括自我与他人的商谈伦理、责任伦理、制度伦理以及发展伦理。基于他人伦理框架研究体育治理问题的理论创新在于带来了一种新颖的交叉学科视角,实践价值在于为推进现代化的体育治理体系和治理能力建设带来了内生动力。     

体育社会功效价值内涵及实现路径

运用文献资料、逻辑分析等方法,对近代以来体育社会功效的历史流变、价值内涵及新时代实现路径进行研究。近代以来我国体育社会功效经历强种救国时期、以体育人与以体外交时期、体育大国时期、兴体强国时期,价值内涵:从行为个人角度促进人的全面发展,从社会责任角度促进社会进步,从国家战略角度增进人类福祉。新时代体育社会功效的实现路径:挖掘健康快乐的体育规律,塑造个体良好的个性品质;遵守公平公正的体育规则,促进社会形成良好的规范秩序;搭建推动社会进步的体育平台,形成经济社会发展的体育动力;秉承国之交、民相亲的外交理念,践行体育外交的使命担当。     

中国小康体育的形成与发展

小康体育是２１世纪中国体育发展的缩影。文章首先阐释了小康体育形成的社会背景；其次提出小康体育概念的依据，并概括出小康体育的特点；最后对小康体育发展走向进行了推测展望。     

社会转型与中国体育文化的三次嬗变

采用文献研究法,从社会转型和体育文化的广泛意义上,探讨了自鸦片战争以来中国体育三次大的变化过程,以及产生变化的精神实质,认为中国体育经过百余年的磨难,已融汇于世界科学体育的潮流之中,并受到西方后工业文明的影响,显示出未来体育的迹象。     

学校体育教育思想与目标的社会取向

本文以调查法和文献法结合，对来自十二个省市的三百份问卷调查结果进行了分析和理论探讨，旨在了解研究人们的体育现状和需要，探求我国学校体育的思想和目标趋向。