Open Educational Resources and the Transformation of Education

The extremely rapid expansion of open educational resource (OER) initiatives and the millions of learners they attract can be understood as an indicator of an emerging revolution in education and learning. This article describes recent developments in this area and develops conceptual foundations for studies and policies on OER. We describe four different types of OER, locate these in a field of learning theories, and discuss how the wide adoption of OER may constrain and accelerate the transformation of learning and education in the knowledge society.     

试论技术价值的生产

技术的价值即技术在与主体和客体及主客体所在环境系统的相互关系中所产生的效应。技术价值的生产即技术发明的规模化生产,是技术从单件技术到批量技术的转化过程。技术生产的形成过程包含两个环节,一是技术商品的观念构建过程,即技术的社会编码,二是技术商品的实践创成过程,即技术的社会建座。社会编码的中心环节是成本核算和市场开拓,社会建座的重要环节是工艺定型、生产管理和市场营销。     

论休闲体育活动对主观幸福感的影响

休闲体育活动可以增加积极情感,抑制消极情感的出现,从而维持主观幸福感,获得幸福的体验。休闲体育活动不仅可以直接影响主观幸福感,而且通过影响人们对生活事件的反应,个人对事件应对方式,通过影响社会支持和个体的健康状况,以及通过影响人格因素和自尊,从而间接促使主观幸福感提高。     

Reconceptualising the co-evolution of firms-in-industries and their environments: Developing an inter-disciplinary Triple Embeddedness Framework

This inter-disciplinary theory-building paper is motivated by the debate on grand societal challenges and by calls in the innovation studies literature for frameworks that offer a better understanding of the co-evolution of industries and their economic, political, cultural, and social environments. In response to these debates, the paper develops a new triple embeddedness framework (TEF), which conceptualizes firms-in-industries as embedded in two external (economic and socio-political) environments and in an industry regime which mediates strategic actions towards the external environments. The TEF's theoretical logic draws on the adaptation-selection debate, which suggests that the co-evolution phenomenon can be approached from two angles. With regard to (population-level) selection theories, which highlight pressures on industries from external environments, the TEF accommodates insights from evolutionary economics, neo-institutional theory, and economic sociology. With regard to (firm-level) adaptation theories, the TEF accommodates insights from externally-oriented strategy schools (economic positioning strategy, innovation strategy, corporate political strategy, discursive strategy, issue management) and internally-oriented strategy approaches (linked to knowledge/capabilities and cognition/sensemaking). The combination of insights produces a multi-dimensional framework with bi-directional interactions between firms-in-industries and their environments. Implications for the grand challenge agenda are discussed in a separate section and illustrated with examples.     

《资本论》关于社会总资本再生产的双约束

马克思在《资本论》第二卷论述了社会总资本的再生产问题,在论述社会总资本再生产的平衡条件时,假定产品按照它们的价值交换,生产资本的组成部分不发生价值革命,不变资本全部转移到年产品中,联系到《资本论》第三卷第二篇中价值转化为生产价格的相关论述,这些假定中的个别假定必须放开,在此前提下再探讨社会总资本的平衡问题,从前后联系的观点来看,马克思实际上论述了社会总资本再生产的约束条件问题。其中等量资本要求获得等量利润这一约束为"硬约束",社会总资本再生产运动中的价值补偿和物质补偿这一约束为"软约束"。纵观社会总资本再生产的两个约束条件,第一约束条件即等量资本要求获得等量利润是资本主义生产方式的特殊性质和内在规律;第二约束条件即社会总资本再生产运动中的价值补偿和物质补偿是在第一约束条件的基础上展开的,它在正常情况下得不到满足,而只有在极端假设情况下才有可能得到满足,这也就等于说在资本主义生产方式下社会总资本再生产的不平衡是必然的,而平衡则是偶然的。     

Greek male early childhood educators: self and societal perceptions towards their chosen profession

In choosing to become early years teachers, men are positioned in a context which is numerically dominated by women. Male early years teachers may feel they experience difficulties, being induced into a predominantly female culture. The present study intended to examine whether Greek male early childhood educators experience difficulties. More precisely it has a twofold aim: on the one hand to explore Greek male early childhood educators' perceptions of their chosen profession; on the other to explore how different social groups encountered the entry of those males into that profession. Concurrent with previous international research results, the present study suggests that there are males who love working with young children and are committed to early childhood education and thus, as in other countries, in Greece too male childcare workers experience difficulties and mistrust of their choice.     

Cultural policy indicators: reflections on the role of official statisticians in the politics of data collection

Cultural policy indicators are being constructed in many countries today as a consequence of reforms in public governance aimed at increasing cost-effectiveness and general efficiency as well as transparency and accountability. Drawing upon a project of the Finnish Ministry of Education, the article discusses the responsibilities of official statisticians in regard to the collection and processing of data to be used as “evidence” of the outcomes of cultural policies. Official statisticians are bound by an ethical code that emphasises the objective and independent production of information on different aspects of the economy and society. Direct involvement with the construction of cultural policy indicators may threaten the integrity of official statisticians, because such work would require close collaboration with administrators and decision makers who have their own particular interests in the cultural field. Moreover, the system of cultural statistics, which was established internationally at the turn of the 1970s, has a history of providing justification for public cultural policies. The Finnish project, in which two officials from Statistics Finland functioned in the role of commissioned experts, was officially about societal effectiveness indicators but was extended to encompass arguments for cultural policy. The final report even went as far as to propose that cultural considerations could be mainstreamed through indices and evaluation schemes covering all policy sectors. The article shows how easily official statisticians are drawn into the politics of data collection in the field of culture even when precautions are in place. The article concludes that the code of ethics of official statisticians serves as an indispensable buffer against partiality, but, to put this ideal fully into action, cultural statisticians need to develop reflexive practices that combine an applied approach and critical discourse. Such practices are similar to those outlined recently by cultural policy researchers.     

论社会现代化进程中的村落文化建设

社会现代化是一场伟大的社会实践,是一场既气势恢宏又曲折艰难的伟大变革。中国现代化的根基在农村,在制定建设有中国特色社会主义现代化发展战略时必须面对中国传统乡村社会的实际。因此,把握中国传统村落的现代走向,总结"后现代性"思想的有益启示,发掘传统村落里可利用的文化资源,探索传统家族村落向社会现代化转型的有效途径,促进社会主义新农村建设,是中国社会现代化进程中村落文化建设的重要任务。     

社会观念的改变与自闭症事业的发展

介绍西方社会中社会观念的改变与自闭症事业的发展的历史联系。在西方,一开始并未把自闭症作为残疾,后来才将其看作发展性残疾。在致病原因上,一开始将患自闭症归咎于家长对孩子的缺乏关心,后来才认识到其生物学原因,以及社会对自闭症患者特殊需要的忽视所导致的不公正待遇。还讨论了在中国社会中进一步发展自闭症事业的社会条件及社会效应。     

企业经营观念的变革和市场化发展趋势

本文阐明企业经营观念变革的背景及发展阶段，着重分析企业市场化经营的发展趋势，指出：绿色营销将成为热点；关系营销越来越受重视；知识营销更受消费者欢迎；品牌营销将成为企业的长期战略。