固体过碳酸钠分解机理研究

固体分解反应的最大分解速率对应的分解程度取决于物质的本性和反应机理,与参加反应的样品量及实验条件无关,对过碳酸钠在空气及氮气氛围中的分解机理进行了研究,结果表明,这两种氛围中过碳酸钠最大分解速率对应的分解速度接近于理论值０．５５６,其分解机理均为自催化机理。     

When Glass and Metal Corrode Together,VI: Chalconatronite

ABSTRACT

Chalconatronite, Na₂[Cu(CO₃)]₂·3H₂O, is formed as a corrosion product when copper alloys are exposed to sodium carbonate solutions in the air. This also happens when metals come into contact with corroding soda glass which forms alkaline surface films in reaction with humidity from clean air. More often, substantial amounts of formaldehyde are present indoors which react to formate via the Cannizzarro reaction and accumulate over time in the films. Twenty cases of chalconatronite (including two mentioned in the literature) are reported as occurring on heritage objects with glass in contact with copper alloys: Baroque reliquaries with set glass gems, enamel on metal (sixteenth century and a modern replica of intentionally unstable composition), Christmas tree glass baubles with wires, glass buttons with metal shanks, a glass figure with a wire support, miners’ lamps, and a glass framed daguerreotype. These confirmed identifications might help conservators in investigating similar cases to shed more light on the formation conditions.     

When Glass and Metal Corrode Together,V: Sodium Copper Formate

A sodium copper formate, first described in 2002, can also form on copper alloys with sodium originating from soda glass hydrolysis. The frequent occurrence (50% of 250 cases of glass-induced metal corrosion) is due to the presence of formaldehyde emissions in storage and its direct reaction to formate in the alkaline surface films. The compound can be produced without the presence of acetate when chalconatronite or metal coupons immersed in soda solution are exposed to formaldehyde vapours. The crystal structure, derived from X-ray powder diffraction, yielded the sum formula Cu₄Na₄O(HCOO)₈(OH)₂·4H₂O. Except for the absence of acetate in the structure, this is in good agreement with the 2002 publication. To assess which kind of combined glass/metal objects are affected, a number of large museum collections were surveyed. Sodium copper formate was detected as a corrosion product using mainly micro-Raman spectroscopy, for instance, on 18 painted Limoges enamels, eight glass vessels with metal mountings, glass beads on metal wire from 11 bridal crowns, nine Christmas tree balls with wire decoration, 40 pieces of jewellery with glass gems, three daguerreotypes, and one miniature with cover glasses.     

硫酸氢钠催化合成乙酸乙酯

在一水硫酸氢钠存在下由乙醇与乙酸酯化合成乙酸乙酯。研究了乙醇、乙酸与硫酸氢钠摩尔比、反应时间对其收率的影响。当乙酸、乙醇和硫酸氢钠的物质的量之比为1：1．65：0．073，回流1h，酯收率达到57．4％。     

苯甲酸乙酯制备实验的改进

实验绿色化是目前大学化学实验教学改革与研究的热点和方向之一.苯甲酸乙酯制备是典型的有机实验,本文采用自行设计的回流-吸水反应装置,一水硫酸氢钠为绿色催化剂,考察了反应时间、催化剂用量对酯化反应产率的影响.结果表明:改进后的实验具有装置简单、操作方便、收率高和实验绿色化的特点.     

Induction of experimental acute ulcerative colitis in rats by administration of dextran sulfate sodium at low concentration followed by intracolonic administration of 30% ethanol

Several models of experimental ulcerative colitis have been reported previously. However, none of these models showed the optimum characteristics. Although dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis results in inflammation resembling ulcera-tive colitis, an obvious obstacle is that dextran sulfate sodium is very expensive. The aim of this study was to develop an inex-pensive model of colitis in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 2% dextran sulfate sodium in drinking water for 3 d fol-lowed by an intracolonic administration of 30% ethanol. The administration of 2% dextran sulfate sodium followed by 30% ethanol induced significant weight loss, diarrhea and hematochezia in rats. Severe ulceration and inflammation of the distal part of rat colon were developed rapidly. Histological examination showed increased infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes and existence of cryptic abscesses and dysplasia. The model induced by dextran sulfate sodium at lower concentra-tion followed by 30% ethanol is characterized by a clinical course, localization of the lesions and histopathological features similar to human ulcerative colitis and fulfills the criteria set out at the beginning of this study.     

食品中亚硫酸盐测定方法的改进

采用无毒的三乙醇胺替代有剧毒的四氯汞钠溶液对食品中测定亚硫酸盐的国标方法（GB5009.34-2003）进行了改进.结果表明,在相同的实验条件下,使用三乙醇胺替代了四氯汞钠,操作简便,环境友好,检测效果好.     

甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠和羟乙基纤维素溶液粘度的实验研究

:研究了甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素纳和羟乙基纤维素等三种典型纤维素溶液的粘度受基浓度、温度和无机盐影响的规律 ,讨论了它们作为增稠剂使用时各自的特点性     

氯化钠侵蚀环境下固化疏浚土宏微观力学特性试验

为研究固化疏浚土在氯化钠侵蚀环境下的工程特性,以上海市南汇东滩某吹填场地的黏质粉土为试验土料,掺入自制固化剂制备固化疏浚土试块,进行氯化钠浸泡试验,研究氯化钠初始质量浓度和浸泡龄期对试块抗压强度的影响。采用扫描电镜拍摄试块表面微观结构照片;采用Image-Pro Plus (IPP)图像处理技术结合MATLAB分析程序得到与颗粒和孔隙相关的微观结构参数;基于分形理论,研究氯化钠初始质量浓度、分形维数和抗压强度三者之间的宏微观关联。结果表明:试块的抗压强度随着氯化钠初始质量浓度和浸泡龄期的增长而增长;氯化钠初始质量浓度的增加会引起分形维数的变化,进一步影响试块的宏观抗压强度,三者之间存在内在的定量关联。     

耐酚优势菌细胞固定化效果的研究

应用耐酚能力达1760mg/L的优势菌种1'M2作W2进行了细菌固定化效果的研究。结果表明，几种包埋剂中机械强度和稳定性能均以海藻酸钠较好。菌种W1的适宜包埋条件为3％浓度的海藻酸钠，包埋比为2：25；菌种M2和W2的适宜包埋条件为5％浓度的海藻酸钠，包埋比为4：25。在处理炼油废水时，采用添加营养盐的方法，固定后的细菌12h内降酚率可达到96．8％的生化处理效果。