Are the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test levels 1 and 2 both useful? Reliability,responsiveness and interchangeability in young soccer players

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the reliability, internal responsiveness and interchangeability of the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YY1), level 2 (YY2) and submaximal YY1 (YY1-sub). Twenty-four young soccer players (age 17 ± 1 years; height 177 ± 7 cm; body mass 68 ± 6 kg) completed each test five times within pre- and in-season; distances covered and heart rates (HRs) were measured. Reliability was expressed as typical error of measurement (TEM) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Internal responsiveness was determined as effect size (ES) and signal-to-noise ratio (ES_TEM). Interchangeability was determined with correlation between training-induced changes. The TEM and ICC for distances in the YY1 and YY2 and for HR in YY1-sub were 7.3% and 0.78, 7.1% and 0.93 and 2.2% and 0.78, respectively. The ESs and ES_TEMs were 0.9 and 1.9 for YY1, 0.4 and 1.2 for YY2 and ?0.3 and ?0.3 for YY1-sub. Correlations between YY1 vs. YY2 and YY1-sub were 0.56 to 0.84 and ?0.36 to ?0.81, respectively. Correlations between change scores in YY1 vs. YY2 were 0.29 and ?0.21 vs. YY1-sub. Peak HR was higher in YY1 vs. YY2. The YY1 and YY2 showed similar reliability; however, they were not interchangeable. The YY1 was more responsive to training compared to YY2 and YY1-sub.     

Testing a model of emotional and coping responses to problems in adaptation: Foreign students at a Canadian university

The purpose of this research was to develop and test a model of cross-cultural adaptation which proposes that adaptation to movement across cultures involves three processes: learning new social norms, matching behavior to these norms, and matching one's self-concept to the newly acquired behaviors and social norms. According to this model, adaptation problems arise when the foreigner fails in one or more of these processes so as to create various types of mismatches between the components of norms, behavior, and self-concept. Each type of mismatch was hypothesized to lead to a particular affective response and to be most effectively resolved by unique coping strategies which would restore balance among these three components. Successful adaptation, then, occurs when the foreigner uses the coping strategy which is appropriate to the type of mismatch problem encountered in the acculturation situation.This study tested the hypothesized relationship between mismatch problem, affective response, and coping strategy. Subjects were 40 foreign and 40 Canadian students at a Canadian university. They were presented with scenarios depicting five types of mismatches in hypothetical acculturation situations. Results showed that subjects' interpretations of these agreed with the mismatches proposed by the model. Moreover, their reported affective and coping responses confirmed the majority of the hypothesized relationships. These findings suggest the mismatch model may serve as a good framework for classifying diverse adaptation problems and for predicting the coping strategies which would effectively resolve these.     

论中国特色社会主义民生建设的四大特色

中国特色社会主义民生建设作为中国特色社会主义的重要内容,有其鲜明的实践特色、理论特色、民族特色和时代特色。实践特色,就是指中国特色社会主义民生建设立足于实践,突出了实践先行的品格,尊重人民群众的首创精神,在改革开放中推进民生建设。理论特色,是指中国特色社会主义民生建设重视理论总结和理论创新,围绕“建设一个什么样的民生,怎样建设民生”这个主题,形成了一个与时俱进的科学的理论体系。民族特色,就是指中国特色社会主义民生建设在坚持马克思主义民生思想的基础上,结合中华民族的民族属性和民族历史发展,使中国特色社会主义民生建设具有了民族内容、民族形式和民族风格。时代特色,是指中国特色社会主义民生建设反映了时代精神,是在总结国内外改善民生的历史时代经验教训的基础上形成和发展的。     

“化理论为方法，化理论为德性”“在新民”与“中国梦”实现的途径

“中国梦”的实现需要动力之源,其动力的主体是人民群众。在新的时代,要实现“中国梦”即中华民族的伟大复兴,实现“中国梦”的主体,必须顺应时代的潮流,要“作新民”,即必须完成“两化”即“化理论为方法,化理论为德性”的途径与步骤,只有这样,才能实现中华民族的“伟大复兴”即实现“中国梦”。     

我国老年健身体育的现状与发展趋势的研究

针对我国人口老龄化所出现的问题,采取文献资料法、调查法等综合研究方法,对福建、上海、北京等7个省市的老年人参加健身活动的情况进行抽样。结果显示,老年体育人口与20世纪90年代相比已经提高了18.6%,占老年人口的23.1%;体育活动的内容更有目的性和针对性。从而预计2020年我国老年健身体育事业的发展。     

Nuances about the Role and Impact of Affect in Inoculation

This study examined the role and impact of affect in resistance. A three-phase experiment was conducted. The results indicated that inoculation treatments conferred resistance and exerted nuanced outcomes involving cognitive and affective responses to counterarguments and affect. The investigation also compared the effectiveness of cognitive, affective-positive, and affective-negative treatments. The results revealed that affective-negative messages were superior in eliciting threat, issue involvement, and cognitive counterarguing output and in enhancing the cognitive content of associative networks.     

Everyone's a Criminal? Reflections on Critical Reading in the Primary Classroom

Calls for children to be taught to read critically become ever louder. This article asks what teaching for critical reading might look like in the primary school. It presents accounts of two group reading lessons from a Year 3 classroom. It examines the interactions that take place: the questioning of the teachers and the responses of the children. It suggests that where children are given the power to make meaning for themselves, they are more likely to learn to read critically than those who are not.     

浅谈音乐在思想品德课堂教学中的应用

我们都知道,思想品德课堂的枯燥无味是本课程的一大缺陷,这也是学生不喜爱这一学科的主要原因之一。音乐可以在思品课堂中发挥其独特作用,可以让课堂变得生动、活泼、充满了情感;可以让音乐为整个课教学服务,甚至可以帮助课堂的教学影响拓展到课堂之外。     

论如何提高高中教育质量与发展水平

当今这个社会,脑力劳动增多、生活节奏加快、竞争性加强、信息量变大,那么,如何才能在这个美好且竞争激烈的世界里拥有自己的一席之地呢？答案是知识。知识是自己上路的武器,有了它就不会被社会淘汰!高中是人生转变的一个转折,是学生学习的最好阶段,在中学思想政治课教学的实践中,如何提高高中的教育水平,是当今教育需要认真研究的课题,现从教师、学生、家庭、国家四个方面进行分析,以请教于方家。