The Structural Adjustment of Football in Zambia: Politics,Decline and Dispersal, 1991–1994

Abstract

This paper explores multiple and complex relationships between football (soccer), politics, and the economy in postcolonial Zambia. Based on archival and oral sources collected in Zambia, the paper argues that President Frederick Chiluba’s government failed to support football development when it came into power in 1991 because it was elected on a platform of liberalizing the collapsing national economy. Chiluba privatized state-owned companies that were sponsoring the game resulting in the plummeting of the local standards and migration of talented footballers abroad in search of better livelihoods. Furthermore, the paper argues that while the exodus of talented footballers led to the deterioration of the standards of the local league, their transnational experience boosted the performance of the Zambia national football team. This led to the emergence of one of the best national teams the country has ever had. Unfortunately, this particular team perished in the Gabon air disaster in 1993 following the government’s disinvestment in the game. However, a few months after the disaster, the country managed to rebuild a national football team, which emerged as runners up to Nigeria in the 1994 African Cup of Nations final as a result of a large pool of local and foreign-based football players.     

针灸配合浅针耳穴综合治疗运动性失眠临床观察

目的：用针灸配合浅针耳穴综合治疗运动员运动性失眠以缓解因失眠导致的精神不振、困倦乏力和反应迟钝等症状,从而提高运动员的训练质量和运动成绩。方法：随机分组分成针灸组和对照组。针灸组,以针刺印堂、神门、三阴交为主穴,结合脏腑酌情加取穴位并配以浅针耳穴。药物组,口服安神补心胶囊。结果：针灸组和药物组均为30例,有效率分别为93.3％和70.0％,通过假设检验,得出两组治疗效果存在显著差异（ P＜0.05）。结论：针灸配合耳穴浅针综合治疗运动员运动性失眠临床疗效显著,安全性好,适合推广。     

我国社会体育城乡差异的成因与对策

党的十六大报告中明确指出,统筹城乡经济社会发展,是全面建设小康社会的重大任务。针对目前城乡社会体育存在的显著差异,从经济、制度、意识等方面指出造成差异的根源,并提出相应的对策。     

How much does lower body strength impact Paralympic running performance?

Objectives: Development of evidence-based methods of Paralympic classification requires research quantifying the relative strength of association between ratio-scaled measures of impairment and athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to quantify the extent to which muscle strength affects running performance in runners with and without brain impairment. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Participants were 41 male runners: 13 with brain impairments (RBI) and 28 non-disabled (NDR). All participants completed a maximal 60-m sprint and a novel battery of three lower limb isometric strength tests. Results: RBI showed significantly lower strength scores compared with NDR on the more affected side in leg flexion (176 vs. 243?N), leg extension (993 vs. 1661?N) and plantarflexion (824 vs. 1457?N). Significant differences were also seen on the less affected side in plantarflexion (1072 vs. 1508?N). RBI were significantly slower in the acceleration phase (0–15?m) (3.2?s?±?0.3?vs. 2.8?s?±?0.2) and top speed phase (30?60?m) (4.3?s?±?0.6?vs. 3.8?s?±?0.3). Correlation analysis showed stronger relationships between strength and running performance in RBI than NDR; however, the correlations were not significant. Conclusions: This study evaluated measures to assess strength for the purposes of classification and found that the measures were significantly different in RBI compared with NDR indicating the tests were able to capture strength impairment in this population. This study indicates that strength may be an important impairment type to assess in this population, as impairments of muscle strength may influence the outcome of running performance in athletes with more severe impairments.     

对成人心血管机能健康评价的探讨

对德州市成人的心血管机能指标：心率、收缩压、舒张压、台阶指数进行分析与评价，结果为下等和差等、研究认为健康意识差、膳食结构不合理、运动习惯差、缺少体育文化氛围是造成现状的重要原因，针对群体状况提出“自我感觉练习法”和几项对策与建议，以指导健身练习。     

小学数学课堂练习设计的策略

在小学数学教学中,练习课约占总教时的一半多,几乎没有一节课是只讲不练的。古人云:"拳不离手,曲不离口"。可见练习的重要性,如何探索新课程理念下的课堂练习设计,是广大教师共同关注的课题。教师可根据教学内容,紧扣教学目标,设计有"坡度"、"难度"、"密度"的练习,加大知识"跨度,"变换练习角度,提高练习设计的有效性。     

郑州市区初中健美操教学现状及发展对策研究

郑州市区初中的健美操教学现状不容乐观。在教学内容上,缺乏规范性和统一性;在师资队伍上,缺少专业的健美操教师。建议学校采取措施,如加强健美操师资培训,改善活动场地等,以促进初中的健美操教学。     

转化思想在解数学题中的应用

通过精选一些实例进行分析和探讨，从七个方面说明转化思想在解数学题中的应用，为搞好解题教学提供帮助。     

肇庆学院教工羽毛球爱好者运动损伤情况调查

对肇庆学院38名教工羽毛球爱好者进行了运动损伤情况的调查，共查出损伤66人（次），不同类型的损伤17种，损伤次数总计132次．多数伤者未采取有效的方法治疗，而仅依靠自然恢复，对此，应加强对运动者的指导，健全运动康复的手段，以达到科学健身的目的。     

休闲体育主体性研究

休闲体育是个体摆脱现实生活中的种种限制,感受心灵愉悦,体验自我存在,获得生命自由的主体性活动。当前社会"麦当劳化"和消费主义盛行,人们的休闲体育丧失了主体性、创造性和自由,不能使人们获得全面发展。为此,人们只有增强自己的主体性,才能在休闲体育中获得充分发展。