Digital Module 16: Longitudinal Data Analysis

In this digital ITEMS module, Dr. Jeffrey Harring and Ms. Tessa Johnson introduce the linear mixed effects (LME) model as a flexible general framework for simultaneously modeling continuous repeated measures data with a scientifically defensible function that adequately summarizes both individual change as well as the average response. The module begins with a nontechnical overview of longitudinal data analyses drawing distinctions with cross-sectional analyses in terms of research questions to be addressed. Nuances of longitudinal designs, timing of measurements, and the real possibility of missing data are then discussed. The three interconnected components of the LME model—(1) a model for individual and mean response profiles, (2) a model to characterize the covariation among the time-specific residuals, and (3) a set of models that summarize the extent that individual coefficients vary—are discussed in the context of the set of activities comprising an analysis. Finally, they demonstrate how to estimate the linear mixed effects model within an open-source environment (R). The digital module contains sample R code, diagnostic quiz questions, hands-on activities in R, curated resources, and a glossary.     

GM(1,1)模型群在体育预测中的应用研究

本文论述在体育预测中运用GM（1，1）模型群的理论依据，介绍了GM（1，1）模型群的主要内容和使用方法，并结合男子链球老将毕忠最佳运动成绩．从理论和实践两个方面对GM（1，1）模型群在体育中的预测，做了较为细致的研究，并对应用中所存在的一些限制性因素进行探讨。旨在推广灰色系统理论在体育中的应用．使其能够更好、更科学地为体育事业服务。     

英语教学中思维能力的培养模式及其对教师的要求

英语思维在英语学习中占有重要地位,英语教学中的三种不同思维能力培养模式即自发思维能力培养模式、启发思维能力培养模式、合作思维能力培养模式,相互促进,相互联系。从不同思维能力培养的角度,对知识的传授者——教师也提出了不同的要求。     

程序化自动选择预测模型的一种思路

在预测活动中合理选择预测的模型，既是预测成功的关键，也是预测过程中最感困难的一步。对于企业经营管理活动迫切需要的预测技术，难以广泛普及的因素之一就是预测模型能否科学、合理的选择。利用计算机软件程序化的自动选择预测的模型，进而做到科学的智能化预测，是实现这一目标的一个突破点。本文是在这个方面的一个尝试和努力。     

大学专门用途英语教学的多元化模式探究

专门用途英语是应用语言学研究领域的一个热门学科,也是大学英语的组成部分,ESP教学将作为中国高校英语教学的重要发展方向。基于此,在结合先进的教学理念和ESP教学现状的基础上试图探索一个多元化的教学模式。这一多元化教学模式包括多元化的人才培养模式,以人为本的课程设置,多元化的教学资源、教学方法和教学评价体系,同时指出这一教学模式对教师、学生和学校软硬件提出的要求,以期为学生将来在语言和专业实际运用领域发展打下良好的基础。     

Variability in children’s early reading strategies

The present study examines the development of sight word reading in young children by examining changes in their self‐reported reading strategies over time. A sample of 65 five to seven year olds were asked to read 40 real word items, all carefully matched for letter length and word frequency, on three separate occasions. Changes in the children’s word identifications were measured using immediately retrospective verbal self‐reports. Overall, the results showed some variability in the children’s self‐reported reading strategies. Over time the children relied less on phonological strategies and moved towards reliance on directly retrieving words from memory. This change was most evident in the older children; while both year groups showed similar patterns of shifting reliance from explicit phonological strategies to retrieval, this shift was simply less frequent among the younger children. An analysis of word‐specific changes in reading strategies showed that the older children had a better sight vocabulary for more complex word items. These findings provide further support for Ehri’s mediated phase theory in explaining children’s development in learning to read.     

分类立体教学法在体操教学中的应用研究

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、实验对比法和数理统计法,对分类立体教学法优化体操教学效果进行研究。结果表明:实验组所用的教学时数少于对照组,技术考核成绩均优于对照组,达到显著性水平;分类立体教学法有利于促进运动技能间的迁移,加速运动技能的形成,达到事半功倍的教学效果。     

英语教师教育职前职后一体化课程体系及实践模式

英语教师职前职后教育一体化是高师英语教育改革的难点,而课程建设与教学内容的一体化又是整个英语教师教育一体化的重点.设置英语教师教育一体化课程,必须充分整合职前培养课程与职后培训课程的资源,扬长避短.一体化课程设置要遵循连续性、客观性、平衡性、发展性原则.本文对英语教师教育一体化课程体系设置的理论基础、基本理念、优势、基本内容及课程一体化的实践模式进行理论探讨和思考,以期对当前英语教师教育的改革与发展提供一些有益的启示.     

Providing metrics and automatic enhancement for hierarchical taxonomies

Taxonomies enable organising information in a human–machine understandable form, but constructing them for reuse and maintainability remains difficult. The paper presents a formal underpinning to provide quality metrics for a taxonomy under development. It proposes a methodology for semi-automatic building of maintainable taxonomies and outlines key features of the knowledge engineering context where the metrics and methodology are most suitable. The strength of the approach presented is that it is applied during the actual construction of the taxonomy. Users provide terms to describe different domain elements, as well as their attributes, and methodology uses metrics to assess the quality of this input. Changes according to given quality constraints are then proposed during the actual development of the taxonomy.     

<体育与健康课程标准>实施进程研究

经过反复的调查和对文献资料的分析，初步提出：体育与健康课程模式的多元化，是新“课标”由目标理念向操作化进程的有效途径。课程模式多元化，要以单元为基础，构建模块组合；以新“课标”为母体，构建子项模式；以新“课标”为依据，完善结构体系；以模式为中介，超越课程模式。