The librarian stereotype: How librarians are damaging their image and profession

Every profession has a stereotype, and librarians are no stranger to this phenomenon. This article discusses the stereotype, how librarians have responded to its use in the public sphere, and reasons why the author sees the profession's reaction as problematic.     

从女性人类学视野解读广告中的女性形象

广告是商家促销的主要手段之一,由于女性在广告中具有天然优势,商家和广告主便利用女性具有取悦男性、吸引受众的特性来大肆宣传商品。女性被作为符号元素参与到广告中并以各种形象出现在受众面前。通过对这些广告的分析得出,在某种程上,广告对女性存在一定的社会偏见。要扭转这一现象,需要社会各方面的努力,共同打造和谐的男女社会价值观。     

并购后威胁感知与心理安全对员工创新的影响——基于高科技企业的实证研究

 探讨了高科技企业员工在并购中的威胁感知因素对其创造力的影响机制,并结合心理安全因素分析它们对创造力交互影响的作用机制。经验数据表明,当员工将并购感知为威胁时,会对创造力产生负面影响;反之,当员工将并购感知为机会时,会对创造力产生正面影响,而员工并购后感受到的心理安全程度和员工创造力之间存在正向的相关关系。同时,心理安全还会调节威胁感知和员工自我感知创造力之间的关系。与视并购为机会的员工相比,把并购视为威胁的员工如果能感受到高心理安全,他们将体验比在低心理安全时更高的创造力。但是这种效应在员工视并购为机会时,不那么显著或不存在。也就是说,在员工视并购为威胁时,他们所感知的创造力在不同的心理安全情况下的差别,要远大于他们视并购为机会的时候。     

Seeking Cultural Relevance

This study identifies the prevalence of culturally oriented writing techniques found in international news coverage of major American newspapers, through a concept explication and content analysis. These techniques, which I call “culture peg” and “culture link,” are content and thematic choices in international coverage that journalists make to enhance the material's appeal to their home audience. They are, in essence, cultural meaning-making processes that render foreign stories relevant to the home audience which might not otherwise be interested in international news. A content analysis revealed that these cultural strategies, deployed in both text and photographs, were employed in 72 percent of international news articles in the New York Times. Excessive use of such methods might skew the understanding of foreign cultures/societies for the readership. Theoretical and methodological implications of the study are discussed.     

Response of school personnel to student threat assessment training

This article analyzes the distribution of mathematics achievement among class, school, municipality, and state in Argentina. Data from the Year 2000, 6th-grade Primary School Census from the Minister of Education are analyzed using multilevel methodology. The results indicate that all levels of the education system are relevant and must be considered. If all levels are included, the school “raw” effect is much less (18%) than if they are not (31%). Prior academic performance and socioeconomic level of the individual pupil, plus socioeconomic composition variables, accounted for most of the performance distribution among school, municipality, and state levels. These kinds of variables do not explain significant inter-class differences inside the school. As a consequence, the class became the superior level with the larger proportion of the total unexplained variance (15%), while the school variation represents just 8,6% of that variation. Finally, unexplained inter-school and inter-class variation is still significant making it necessary to further investigate relevant schooling and classroom factors.     

Coaches’ implicit associations between size and giftedness: implications for the relative age effect

The relative age effect (RAE) is a well-established phenomenon in education and sports. Coaches have been assumed to be important social agents of RAE via biased selection decisions in favour of children with maturation advantages. In the present research, we used the Implicit Association Test to investigate automatic associations between body size and a player’s domain-specific giftedness amongst youth baseball (N = 18) and youth soccer coaches (N = 34). We found medium to strong automatic associations between body size and player giftedness (baseball: M_D = 0.62; soccer: M_D = 0.51). Specifically, taller players were associated with positive performance-related attributes, whereas smaller players were associated with negative attributes. The results are in line with theories of grounded cognition by showing that the abstract concept of “sport giftedness” is partly grounded in the perception of physical height amongst youth sports coaches. We argue that this grounded cognition has the potential to influence coaches’ selection decisions and in turn account for RAE as coaches are biased towards physically more matured players, even when no apparent performance advantage is evident.     

网络考试系统安全设计探析

考试的安全性是网络考试系统所面临的重要问题,针对目前网络考试系统所面临的安全威胁,本文结合安徽电大开放教育入学测试系统的总体结构,从Web服务器、数据库服务器、通信信道以及考试过程等方面存在的安全威胁设计了一种安全的考试方案.     

University intramural sport administrators' perceptions of gender modifications in intramural coed flag football

Coed sport environments can be paradoxical settings where pre-existing gender biases influence participants' enjoyment and success. Furthermore, gendered messages and stereotypes as well as low expectations for females within coed sports can create participation barriers by reducing feelings of confidence and performance. Within university intramural sport programs, administrators have a significant role in determining participation opportunities and experiences. From a critical perspective, this investigation examined administrators' perspectives about coed intramural flag football gender modifications. Specifically, four research questions guided this study: (1) How do intramural sport administrators view coed flag football gender modifications? (2) To what extent do intramural sport administrators perceive gender modifications to impact coed flag football environments? (3) What level of awareness do intramural sport administrators have about the gendered messages of coed flag football gender modifications? and (4) To what extent are intramural sport administrators willing to modify their perceptions of the rules in light of critical questioning? Qualitative interviews were used to obtain the perspectives of 12 intramural administrators from across the USA. Administrators reported that coed gender modifications impacted perceptions about female ability, often by sending messages of inequity. Moreover, administrators revealed that the modifications created competitive strategy that often diminished the integrity of the game and undermined perceptions of female ability. Findings also indicated that administrators were highly influenced by previously existing gender stereotypes, leading to an endorsement of the modifications. Endorsements were accompanied by questioning of the rules but reluctance to enact changes. These findings elucidate the importance of scrutinizing the existence and application of coed gender modifications. Furthermore, engaging flag football participant feedback on the specific attributes of the coed modifications is important to better understand the needs of female populations. Lastly, eliminating modifications may help diminish the gendered messages that currently exist within coed flag football.     

禅月诗魂：贾平凹小说的神话原型建构

贾平凹小说中神话原型系统的建构不以西方神话原型理论为圭臬而是以民族文化作为根柢。在外部形态上呈现的是抒情性特征而非叙述性特征；内在意义体现在形而上与形而下的结合而非单纯的形而上方面；在审美性方面，则是饱含了作家的个体生命体验而具备了浓厚的审美意味而非重共性轻个性的审美性缺失。     

Understanding the Process of Stereotype Threat: A Review of Mediational Variables and New Performance Goal Directions

Stereotype threat is a situational experience in which an individual feels vulnerable and pressured by the possibility of confirming or being judged by a stereotype. This threatening experience leads to performance decrements, even among highly skilled individuals. This article chronicles empirically tested mechanisms for how stereotype threat negatively impacts performance outcomes. A review of relevant published investigations illustrate that a number of intuitive mediators have been suggested and tested, often with discouraging results. Thus, one objective of this article is to provide researchers with a comprehensive and straightforward account of such tested mechanisms to assist with future works. Indeed, there is much room for research in this area considering that to date, as measured, no individual mediator has completely explained the stereotype threat–poor performance relationship. As such, the second objective of this article is to propose a multiple mediator approach drawing from achievement goal theory. The Stereotyped Task Engagement Process Model is presented. This model hypothesizes that performance goal adoption can offer insights into the potential multiple processes involved in stereotype-threat effects on performance.