农村留守儿童刻板印象与威胁效应实验研究

为了研究农村留守儿童刻板印象威胁效应是否存在,以问卷法、访谈法和文献法获取社会人员关于农村留守儿童的外显刻板印象特征词语,以单类内隐联想测验证明农村留守儿童外显刻板印象与内隐刻板印象的一致性,以字母记忆测试和数学等式判断测试来验证农村留守儿童刻板印象威胁效应的存在。结论如下:(1)社会人员对农村留守儿童存在刻板印象,消极的刻板印象多于积极的刻板印象;在消极的刻板印象中,社会人员偏向关注农村留守儿童学习方面的消极特征。(2)社会人员对农村留守儿童积极刻板印象词语的反应显著快于积极非刻板印象的词语,消极刻板印象词语的反应显著慢于消极非刻板印象的词语,表明社会人员对农村留守儿童外显刻板印象与内隐刻板印象相一致。(3)在字母记忆测试中,实验组反应时慢于控制组,正确率低于控制组,反映出农村留守儿童刻板印象威胁效应存在;在数学等式判断测试中,实验组在反应时和正确率上与控制组差异明显,同样反映出农村留守儿童刻板印象威胁效应存在;同时,在上述两种测试中,农村留守女童在反应时与正确率上均优于农村留守男童,性别在行为表现上的差异明显。     

试析危害国家安全的因素

危害国家安全的因素可分为自然和社会两个方面,自然因素即通常所说的"天灾",社会因素则是通常所说的"人祸"。从整个人类历史以及国家安全的历史看,危害人类安全以及国家安全的"天灾"主要包括洪、涝、旱、震、虫、疫等等自然灾害;危害国家安全的"人祸"又包括"内忧"与"外患"两个方面,其中"内忧"主要有内战、内乱、分裂、破坏等活动,以及各种形式的极端主义和国内恐怖主义,"外患"主要有军事入侵、政治颠覆、文化侵略、间谍情报活动以及在当代国际社会蔓延的各种形式的国际恐怖主义等。这就需要我们以系统安全观为指导,运用系统的原则和方法,具体分析和及时化解各种威胁和危害国家安全的因素,有效地保障国家安全。     

Drawing with Children: An Experiment in Assisted Creativity

This report outlines the cognitive accomplishments of young children involved in graphic dialogue with adults. A token of collaborative drawing is examined exhibiting the degree to which adult informed tutoring enabled children in their drawing development, enhanced their motivation and ability in narration and resulted in drawings meaningful to them. The case studies examined are the result of a three‐year research project conducted by undergraduate students of Athens University Department of Early Childhood Education under the supervision of the author of this article. This game‐like pedagogical strategy is inspired by L. Vygotsky's educational philosophy and based on B. & M. Wilson's model of adult–child graphic dialogue. It is understood as a method of instructing drawing enabling children to pass from that which they can achieve alone to that which they can accomplish with adult assistance. This educational approach answers to a call for a more socially accountable art education addressing the child's need to deal with issues he encounters in his everyday life and as such is open to adult and cultural interference. A similar educational approach intends to challenge the long‐standing, non‐interventionist art educational theory also known as ‘child art’ and its contention that a prerequisite for a creative individual is expression free from social and adult influence.     

Is language learning a feminine domain? Examining the content and stereotype threat effect of female-language stereotypes among EFL learners in China

In various societies, language domains are stereotypically associated with females. Yet, few studies have investigated the exact content of such female-language stereotypes, or whether they lead to stereotype threat effect among language learners. A questionnaire was distributed to 1,165 learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) from eight high schools in China, and participants were found to stereotypically regard female learners more positively in three aspects of English learning: aptitude, affect and achievement. Compared to boys or junior students, girls and more senior ones had stronger stereotypes. A subsequent field experiment was conducted on 427 students from a ninth school, revealing that priming female-language stereotypes prior to an English test impaired boys’ performance when English competence was controlled for. The studies suggest that male EFL learners were adversely portrayed and affected by the female-language stereotypes. Educational implications, particularly for language learners and educators, and policy-makers, are discussed.     

基于内隐性态度研究的女大学生性教育现状与建议

目的:研究女大学生的内隐性态度及其影响因素,为女大学生性教育提出建议。方法:对355名女大学生进行内隐性态度的内隐联想实验(IAT)和问卷调查。结论:女大学生的内隐性态度是有双重标准的内隐性刻板态度,女性的性是被动、消极、利他的,男性的性是主动、积极、自私的;女大学生内隐性态度具有跨群体一致性;童年期(0-16岁间)的性虐待经历显著加强女大学生的内隐性刻板态度。建议:提升现有性教育效果,应在两个层面解构双重标准内隐性刻板态度,即"第一,解构二元对立逻辑基础的内隐性刻板态度为性教育原则;第二,在性教育技术层面应发展女大学生的性自我同情态度,超越内隐性刻板态度的影响"。     

东方主义所引发的刻板化描写

早期的华人移民在美国受尽排挤和歧视,基本上处于失声状态;而东方主义者为了巩固及加强其中心霸主地位,对其进行刻板化描写,严重地扭曲了华人的形象,造成了极为恶劣的负面影响。结合东方主义理论和巴巴关于刻板化描写的批评分析了华人移民被刻板化描写的原因,最为典型的几个刻板形象及其造成的后果,同时指出华裔美国人正在积极地重塑自身的形象,重新定位自己在美国的位置。     

浅析WindowsRootKit威胁及防治策略

木马程序在今天已经成为了家喻户晓的电脑威胁,它以特有的隐蔽性、自我保护性、高危险性成为了计算机普及后最大的潜在安全问题。正因为这些特性使得众多编程人员为取得一些利益而不遗余力,研究新的更隐蔽、功能更强的木马程序。RoortKit就是木马程序中技术的佼佼者,今后也将成为我们所要面对的最大网络安全威胁。     

《论语》的焦点表达

《论语》是先秦诸子散文中以记录口语为主的古书,信息焦点的表达比较活跃,且可反映上古时期的一些情况。本文对《论语》中句子的焦点表达作了初步探讨,以期能对上古汉语语用研究有所帮助。     

School threat assessment versus suicide assessment: Statewide prevalence and case characteristics

Threat assessment is a violence prevention strategy used to investigate and respond to threats to harm others. In 2013, Virginia mandated the use of threat assessment teams for threats to self and to others, effectively subsuming suicide assessment with threat assessment and raising questions about the distinction between the two practices. In a statewide sample of 2,861 cases from 926 schools, there were more threats to self (60%) than others (35%), with only 5% involving threats to both self and others. Threats to self were more likely to be made by females (odds ratio [OR] = 3.38) and students with fewer prior disciplinary actions (OR = 0.48). Threats to self were much less likely to involve a weapon (OR = 0.07), but more likely to be attempted (OR = 1.50) and result in mental health services (OR = 2.96). They were much less likely to result in out‐of‐school suspensions (OR = 0.07), legal action (OR = 0.17), and/or changes in placement (OR = 0.53). Overall, these findings support a clear distinction between suicide and threat assessment.     

女强人——潘多拉神话的破坏者

“女强人”从被用来形容女性的自强自立,到如今发展到不但男性对之反感,而且越来越多的女性也对之说“不”。这一变化表面上有社会的、个人的等太多原因。但究其深层原因,就在于女强人破坏了潘多拉神话构建之下的男女关系原型,包括女性美原型、欲望原型和性别角色原型。