举例认知英语虚拟语气

虚拟语气是英语中一种重要的语气形式,是英语语法中一个重要的、难以掌握的语法点,用来表示说话人的主观愿望,假想假设,建议等,所说的不是客观事实,或与事实相反。由于虚拟语气所涉及的内容复杂,一些语法书对其的阐述也不太系统,所以在学习过程中很难真正掌握其用法,并且在使用过程中也很容易出错。为了便于理解和认知,通过举例法,对虚拟语气作一个系统归纳是非常有必要的。     

评《离骚》四种英译本的风格重构与再现

《离骚》是我国古代最早的浪漫主义抒情诗,在典籍翻译中占有重要地位。风格标记对文学作品翻译过程中的风格重构与再现具有重要意义。根据风格标记,对《离骚》四种不同英译本风格进行比较分析,有利于探索典籍英译原作风格再现方面的技巧及方法。     

And的语用功能释解

话语标记语and是话语交际中构建语篇时常用的手段和工具。用Verschueren的语言顺应理论对话语标记语and作了释阐,认为:话语交际中,话语标记语and对话语生成和交际进程起调控作用;说话人对话语标记语and的选择和使用是对语言语境和交际语境进行动态顺应的结果。     

关于英语虚拟语气的语用功能分析

在英语中,虚拟语气的使用非常广泛。虚拟语气是英语教学中的一个难点。本文针对英语虚拟语气的语用功能展开论述。首先论述了英语虚拟语气的产生,然后论述了英语虚拟语气语用功能的特点,最后论述了英语虚拟语气表达的相关问题。英语虚拟语气可以表达非常丰富的语用意义,所以应正确理解和把握英语虚拟语气语用功能。     

Assessment of Some Biochemical Oxidative Stress Markers in Male Smokers with Chronic Periodontitis

The present study aims to assess and compare the biochemical oxidative stress markers in male smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. One hundred thirty-four male chronic periodontitis patients and 64 apparently healthy male volunteers were recruited for the study. The periodontal status was evaluated by measuring gingival index, plaque index, papillary bleeding index and clinical attachment loss using UNC-15 probe. The biochemical markers estimated were total antioxidant capacity, RBC-superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin C, malondialdehyde and C-reactive protein. The obtained results indicate higher oxidative stress in chronic periodontitis. Smokers with chronic periodontitis show significantly higher periodontal clinical parameters and relatively higher systemic oxidative stress. Vitamin C estimation may be an important biochemical parameter in conjunction with clinical parameters for diagnosis of chronic periodontitis in smokers.     

Left ventricular oxidant and antioxidant markers induced by lifestyle modification in rats exposed to lead acetate

Abstract

Responses of the left ventricle oxidant/antioxidant markers such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PCs) induced by lifestyle modification, including turmeric supplementation and exercise training, were investigated in rats during chronic exposure to lead acetate. Forty male rats were randomly divided into five groups: (1) lead acetate; (2) turmeric; (3) endurance training; (4) training + turmeric; and (5) sham-operated groups. Enzyme activities were determined in rat hearts after receiving 20 mg·kg^?1 of lead acetate (groups 1 to 4) and 30 mg·kg^?1 turmeric (groups 2 and 4) for 8 weeks, three times a week. In addition, the rats in groups 3 and 4 performed treadmill running at a speed of 15 to 22 m·min^?1 for 25 to 64 min, five times a week for 8 weeks. One way ANOVA analyses indicated that administration of lead evoked a significant increase in MDA and PC and significant decreases in GPx and SOD activity in the left ventricular homogenates. However, endurance training and\or turmeric supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in MDA and PC levels and significantly increased levels of GPx and SOD. These results suggest that lifestyle modification may have a cardioprotective effect by ameliorating lead-induced cardiotoxicity.     

Effects of physical activities that induce moderate external loading on bone metabolism in male athletes

Sports characterized by little or moderate weight bearing or impact have a low osteogenic effect. However, the action of such sports on bone turnover remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the effect on bone remodelling of physical activities that induce moderate external loading on the skeleton. Thirty-eight male athletes aged 18–39 years (cyclists, n?=?11; swimmers, n?=?13; triathletes, n?=?14) and 10 age-matched sedentary controls aged 22–35 years participated in the study. The study combined measurement of bone mineral density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and bone turnover assessment from specific biochemical markers: serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, urinary type I collagen C-telopeptide and calcium. Compared with the controls and swimmers, adjusted bone mineral density was higher (P?<?0.05) in triathletes at the total proximal femur and lower limbs. No differences in bone mineral density were found between cyclists, swimmers and controls. Compared with controls, osteocalcin was higher (P?<?0.05) in triathletes and swimmers and urinary type I collagen C-telopeptide was higher in swimmers only. Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase was lower (P?<?0.05) in cyclists than in all other groups. In conclusion, an osteogenic effect was found only in triathletes, mainly at bone sites under high mechanical stress. Bone turnover differed in athletes compared with controls, suggesting that bone turnover may be sport-practice dependent. Despite some encouraging observations, it was not possible to show that changes in the bone remodelling process were sport-discipline dependent.     

An Analysis of Discourse Markers in Textbook Dialogues

This paper analyzes discourse markers (DMs) in dialogues of foreign and domestic Business English textbooks. The results show that although there are similarities in the use of discourse markers, the two domestic textbooks observed have almost a complete absence of the use of so, otherwise a very common feature of dialogues in foreign textbooks. The article then discusses the reasons and points out the implications for language teachers and writers of language teaching materials.     

方言口语中“就是”的语法化

借鉴语篇式的方言调查方法,以竹溪话和郧西话自然口语材料为依据,描写＂就是＂的各种功能,尤其是话语标记功能,同时依据类型学和篇章语法的相关成果,对其语法化路径和动因做一说明。     

论辩论中的话语标记语的功能与作用

文章以第七届"外研杯"全国英语辩论大赛为实例,探讨了话语标记语的基本功能与作用,深入分析了话语标记语在辩论中所特有的功能以及对合理组织语言可产生的效果。