香港《家庭及同居关系暴力条例》述评

港府于2008和2009连续两年修订《家庭暴力条例,》2010年更名为《家庭及同居关系暴力条例》。该条例修订最大限度扩大了受保护主体范围,着重规定法院适用强制令制度,顺应了世界反家庭暴力立法趋势。香港对防治家庭暴力专门立法、扩大适用范围,强调法院严格适用强制令等做法已走在世界前列,其立法经验颇值内地借鉴。     

The role of callous/unemotional traits in mediating the association between animal abuse exposure and behavior problems among children exposed to intimate partner violence

Children exposed to intimate partner violence are at increased risk for concomitant exposure to maltreatment of companion animals. There is emerging evidence that childhood exposure to maltreatment of companion animals is associated with psychopathology in childhood and adulthood. However, few studies have explored developmental factors that might help to explain pathways from animal maltreatment exposure to children’s maladjustment. The present study addresses this gap in the literature by examining relations between children’s exposure to animal maltreatment, callous/unemotional traits (i.e., callousness, uncaring traits, and unemotional traits), and externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. A sample of 291 ethnically diverse children (55% Latino or Hispanic) between the ages of 7 and 12 was recruited from community-based domestic violence services. A meditational path model indicated that child exposure to animal maltreatment was associated with callousness (β = 0.14), which in turn was associated with greater internalizing (β = 0.32) and externalizing problems (β = 0.47). The effect of animal maltreatment exposure on externalizing problems was mediated through callousness. Results suggest that callous/unemotional traits are a potential mechanism through which childhood exposure to animal maltreatment influences subsequent behavior problems. Future research is needed to evaluate the extent to which exposure to animal maltreatment affects children’s adjustment over time in the context of other co-occurring adverse childhood experiences.     

Impact of a universal school-based violence prevention program on violent delinquency: distinctive benefits for youth with maltreatment histories

Objective

Child maltreatment constitutes a strong risk factor for violent delinquency in adolescence, with cumulative experiences of maltreatment creating increasingly greater risk. Our previous work demonstrated that a universal school-based violence prevention program could provide a protective impact for youth at risk for violent delinquency due to child maltreatment history. In this study we conducted a follow-up to determine if participation in a school-based violence prevention program in grade 9 continued to provide a buffering effect on engaging in acts of violent delinquency for maltreated youth, 2 years post-intervention.

Methods

Secondary analyses were conducted using data from a cluster randomized controlled trial of a comprehensive school-based violence prevention program. Students (N = 1,722; 52.8% female) from 20 schools participated in 21 75-min lessons in grade 9 health classes. Individual data (i.e., gender, child maltreatment experiences, and violent delinquency in grade 9) and school-level data (i.e., student perception of safety averaged across students in each school) were entered in a multilevel model to predict violent delinquency at the end of grade 11.

Results

Individual- and school-level factors predicting violent delinquency in grade 11 replicated previous findings from grade 9: being male, experiencing child maltreatment, being violent in grade 9, and attending a school with a lower perceived sense of safety among the entire student body increased violent delinquency. The cross-level interaction of individual maltreatment history and school-level intervention was also replicated: in non-intervention schools, youth with more maltreatment in their background were increasingly likely to engage in violent delinquency. The strength of this relationship was significantly attenuated in intervention schools.

Conclusions

Follow-up findings are consistent with the buffering effect of the prevention program previously found post-intervention for the subsample of youth with maltreatment histories.

Practice implications

A relative inexpensive school-based violence prevention program that has been shown to reduce dating violence among the whole student body also creates a protective effect for maltreated youth with respect to lowering their likelihood of engaging in violent delinquency.     

Maternal experiences of childhood abuse and intimate partner violence: Psychopathology and functional impairment in clinical children and adolescents

Objectives

The current study examined the independent effects of mothers’ childhood abuse (CA) and intimate partner violence (IPV) on psychopathology and functional impairment in children; and the potential moderating and mediating role of individual and family factors in these relationships. Additionally, this study explored the potential cumulative effects of both maternal CA and IPV on children's outcomes.

Method

The sample included 547 Spanish children and adolescents aged between 8 and 17 years, and their parents, who had accessed mental health services. The assessment was based on structured interviews with the children and their parents. Statistical analyses were carried out through hierarchical multiple, negative-binomial and logistic regressions, and Structural Equation Models.

Results

Children whose mothers experienced CA and those whose mothers suffered physical IPV showed increased DSM-IV disruptive disorders and externalizing behavior problems, respectively. Children who directly observed physical IPV and also suffered physical punishment by parents showed increased internalizing problems. IPV had effects, either direct or indirect by physical punishment, on children's externalizing problems. Cumulative effect analyses indicated that the prevalence of disruptive disorders was highest in children whose mothers had suffered both CA and IPV.

Conclusion

Spanish children whose mothers have suffered CA, IPV or both, are at high risk of serious conduct problems, whereas children exposed to IPV and who were also physically abused are at greater risk of internalizing problems. Physical punishment of children contributes in part to explain externalizing problems of IPV-exposed children. These findings indicate potential targets of assessment and intervention for families seeking help in mental health services.     

血腥、金钱、紧张——试评余华《兄弟》中的暴力叙事

暴力一直是余华小说思考和表现的主题。暴力话语带来了作家和现实的紧张关系。不同的文本体现出了对处理紧张感的态度和方式。新作《兄弟》延续了余华的暴力叙事。作家在上下部中分别阐释了两种暴力:"文革"的血腥硬暴力和现代的金钱软暴力。对于硬暴力,余华在文本中通过家庭温情和幽默的方式来缓解紧张感。但对于后者作者只能不停地展示,没能找到缓解的方式。     

我国足球赛场观众暴力的对策研究

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、现场观察法等研究方法,通过对广大球迷的深入调查,来了解球迷的基本情况和他们对足球赛场观众暴力的看法。分别从7个方面得出遏制足球赛场观众暴力相应的对策,即法制建设、观众、裁判员、运动员、比赛组织者、新闻媒体、警察和保安等。希望本文的研究能对我国足球项目以及其它项目的健康发展起到促进作用,创建一个和谐的体育发展环境。     

高职院校教师教学冷暴力成因及解决路径

高职院校教师集教学冷暴力的实施者和受害者于一身。本文从教师角度分析了教学冷暴力的成因:教师心理偏见的弥散性、教育信仰的迷茫性、课程内容的学术性、教学过程的非艺术性等。并提出了解决路径:教师要有和谐教育观,要编写属于自己的讲义、教学要艺术化。     

中国足球协会纪律处罚现状及问题分析

处罚效力问题影响到中国足球事业的长远健康发展。运用文献资料法和案例分析法对中国足球协会纪律处罚的现状进行分析。在对运动员、教练员和官员、俱乐部、赛区及其他主体的处罚进行统计分析及与国外情况对比的基础上,指出,中国足协的纪律处罚存在未能罚当其罪,规则制定不严谨,执法不公平,重处罚、轻教育,责任主体错位,救济途径不完善、不规范等问题。为提高中足协的处罚效力及效果,提出对违规违纪行为采取量化管理;对球场暴力采取思想教育、行为控制、严肃处理三管齐下;加大惩治力度,重视教育手段;建立独立的体育仲裁制度等方面的建议,旨在为我国足球事业的可持续发展提供借鉴。     

论家庭暴力的多维防治

家庭暴力是世界公害,也是我国一个严重的社会问题。完善我国的家庭暴力立法,受暴者及时进行自我保护,加大外界干预的力度,对家庭暴力进行综合防治,既是维护家庭中弱者(主要是妇女、儿童和老人)合法权益的需要,也是厉行法治、建设社会主义法治国家的必然要求。