Reversing letters and reading transformed text in dyslexia: A reassessment

The visual deficit hypothesis of development dyslexia has largely been abandoned because many of the phenomena that initially motivated it could not be replicated under controlled experimental conditions, while phonological processing deficits were found to provide a better explanation for the replicable phenomena. Nevertheless, many teachers and special educators continue to subscribe to the hypothesis that deficits of visual perception are a major cause of reading failure in dyslexia. As part of a larger family study, we reexamined the questions (1) whether probands and affected relatives in dyslexia families reverse easily confused letters more frequently under experimental conditions than normal readers from the same families, and (2) whether they show unusual facility in reading geometrically transformed text. The findings indicated that young dyslexia students reverse easily confused letters more often than normal readers. Reading group differences of letter reversal were significant in children from 7–10 years but not thereafter; and virtually no subject reversed letters when spelling whole words. Furthermore, dyslexic persons in every age group from 7–60 years actually took longer than normal readers to decode geometrically transformed text; and the time to decode transformed texts increased progressively with age after adolescence in both dyslexic persons and normal readers. Thus, reading group differences in decoding easily confused letters and reading geometrically transformed text do not support the visual deficit hypothesis and probably do not help to clarify the etiology of developmental dyslexia.     

当前中国教育法学研究中的若干理论问题探讨

我国20多年来开展的教育法学研究,从过于偏向对教育立法成果的研究而轻视对教育法制现实问题的探讨,到深入教育教学活动中的实际问题重视教育主体权力的研究,使教育法学研究从本体论和方法论诸方面提出了进行整体思考的价值取向问题。教育法学是“行为法学”。教育法律规范从产生到实现的全过程,实质上是教育价值法律化与教育法律价值化的转化过程。对教育法律效果进行研究和探讨,既是教育法理论研究的需要,也是教育法制实践的呼唤。当前,对教育法学研究应持的取向是:既要研究“文本中的教育法”,也要研究“行动中的教育法”,这一研究价值取向的转变,是教育法学理论研究之必需,也是中国教育法制实践的呼唤。     

英汉省略形式对比研究

省略是英汉语中共有的语言现象，它在篇章的衔接与连贯上起着重要作用。本文从不同角度在不同层面上，对英汉语中的省略现象进行了分析与探讨。结果表明：(1)英汉语中的省略现象既有同又有异。(2)省略这一语言现象在两种语言中最大的不同表现在主语的省略上。     

浅析教学中标准PASCAL与TURBO PASCAL之间的差别

作为计算机专业的学生，PASCAL语言通常作为一门计算机专业课来学习，而课本中讲解的标准PASCAL与上机时使用的TURBO PASCAL之间丰在着些许差别，这必须会使学生感到迷惑不解，本文就二者之间的差别（主要体现在文件类型和字符串类型两个方面）进行了详细阐述。     

Modifying Knowledge,Emotions, and Attitudes Regarding Genetically Modified Foods

The purpose of this study was to explore whether conceptual change predicted emotional and attitudinal change while learning about genetically modified foods (GMFs). Participants were 322 college students; half read a refutation text designed to shift conceptual knowledge, emotions, and attitudes, while the other half served as a control group. The results suggest that the refutation text effectively facilitated change in conceptual knowledge, emotions, and attitudes. The hypothesized relationship among the variables was explored using structural equation modeling. The analysis showed that when participants experienced knowledge change toward more scientifically accepted conceptions of GMFs, their emotions became more positive and less negative, which predicted a subsequent shift toward more-positive attitudes. The results suggest that change in emotions mediates the relationship between conceptual and attitudinal change. Several theoretical and practical implications are discussed including the impact that these findings may have on science education.     

浅析中国近代文学翻译之文化价值取向

翻译是一种跨文化、跨语际的交流活动,在这一过程中,源语文化经由译者的创造性劳动传递到译语文化中去,各种主客观因素也会影响在其中.译者在选择翻译材料,进行翻译活动时,译作不可避免地要烙上其所属译语文化的烙印.而处于文化转型时期的翻译活动更倾向于翻译的社会功能,其时代赋予译者的文化重任更凸现在其译作之中.     

语篇翻译中的语境分析

翻译是一种特殊的跨文化交际活动,处理好语篇翻译的关键在于把握语篇实体和语境三要素的关系。在英汉互译中,正确的解码和编码都依赖于语境,因此,译者必须始终考虑语境诸要素对语言形式及其意义的影响。在翻译理解过程中,译者应当对原语语篇的语境因素进行分析,充分考虑到影响翻译过程中的各种语境因素,即上下文语境、情景语境和文化语境的作用。得当的语境分析有助于克服文化因素的干扰,有利于取得功能对等的翻译。     

对学生理解英语说明文中逻辑关系的实证研究

在大学获得成功很大程度上取决于学生有效阅读说明文的能力,研读说明文不仅为了获取和了解信息,也为了考试。领悟进程的一个重要成分是读者连接现有信息与先前信息的能力。文本连接过程的其中一方为逻辑关系。这些文本手段明确标志大量文本信息是如何在一个具体逻辑语义关系中彼此关联的。本文报导此项研究结果,其调查了英语为第二语言的学生阅读说明文时结合与文中例证的、因果的、转折的逻辑连接相关的信息的能力。研究结果显示,理解说明文中逻辑关系的能力与学术成绩和第二语言熟练程度有极深的关系。学术成绩差的学生尤其觉得因果关系和转折关系具有挑战性。     

论旁逸修辞文本的建构

“旁逸”作为修辞本模式,其建构的基本心理机制是通过在正常逻辑叙述中暂时脱离正常逻辑叙述的轨道,以新异性的内容引发接受的“不随意注意”,从而达到维持正常叙述得以完成的目标。这种修辞本的建构,从表达上看可以突破正常平实叙述的冗长沉闷而增添叙写的活力,使修辞本生动而富有情味;从接受上看,由于表达在常式定式的叙写中旁枝逸出,增添了叙写内容中不应有的信息,使接受在味;从接受上看,由于表达在常式定式的叙写中旁枝逸出,增添了叙写内容中不应有的信息,使接受在本接受中的定式思路受到了突如其来的刺激,从而提高本接受的兴趣,在本解读中获得更多的审美情趣。     

从操控论的角度看翻译中的受控对象

操控学派理论认为,翻译是对源文本进行的一种改写,是一种操控活动。而在翻译这种操控活动中,主要有三方面的受控对象,译者、文本和目标文化。译者受意识形态和诗学的操控,文本受译者的操控,而目标文化又在一定程度上、在意识形态和诗学方面受到译本的操控。