预冷对运动员高温环境下运动表现的影响研究

很多研究表明高温环境对运动员的运动表现是有害的,如对氧运输能力、心血管功能以及内环境和离子平衡都会造成不良影响。体育科研人员发现预冷处理能够改善运动员在高温环境下的运动表现。预冷处理是指在训练前或比赛前,预先将运动员身体做降温处理,通过降低核心体温、改善心血管压力、减少代谢失调等来调整各项生理指标,提升运动员的热贮存能力,延缓运动疲劳产生,使运动员在训练或比赛时有良好的运动表现。     

The impact of a statewide trauma-informed child welfare initiative on children’s permanency and maltreatment outcomes

This article presents findings of a state-wide trauma informed child-welfare initiative with the goal of improving well-being, permanency and maltreatment outcomes for traumatized children. The Massachuetts Child Trauma Project (MCTP), funded by the Administration of Children and Families, Children’s Bureau was a multi-year project implementing trauma-informed care into child welfare service delivery. The project’s implementation design included training and consultation for mental health providers in three evidence-based treatments and training of the child-welfare workforce in trauma-informed case work practice. The learning was integrated between child-welfare and mental health with Trauma Informed Leadership Teams which included leaders from both systems and the greater community. These teams developed incremental steps toward trauma-informed system improvement. This study evaluated whether MCTP was associated with reductions in child abuse and neglect, improvements in placement stability, and higher rates of permanency during the first year of implementation. Children in the intervention group had fewer total substantiated reports of maltreatment, including less physical abuse and neglect than the comparison group by the end of the intervention year. However, children in the intervention group had more maltreatment reports (substantiated or not) and total out-of-home placements than did their counterparts in the comparison group. Assignment to MCTP, however, was not associated with an increase in kinship care or adoption. Overall, the results are promising in reinforcing the importance of mobilizing communities toward improvements in child-welfare service delivery.     

Associations between individual and collective efficacy beliefs and students' bystander behavior

This study examined whether defending and passive bystanding during peer victimization episodes were associated with individual- and classroom-level efficacy to stop peer victimization. Self-report survey data were analyzed from 1,467 Swedish fourth-grade students (mean age = 10.55) from 100 classrooms in 63 schools. Multilevel analyses revealed that, when witnessing peer victimization, students more often defended victims if they were high in defender self-efficacy and if they belonged to classrooms high in collective efficacy. In contrast, students were more likely to remain passive if they were low in defender self-efficacy and if they belonged to classrooms low in collective efficacy. Taken together, our findings suggest that efficacy beliefs both at the individual and at the classroom level contribute to explaining variability in students' bystander behaviors, which has potential implications for prevention and intervention work.     

运动员前交叉韧带损伤的流行病学研究

１９９１年８月￣１９９３年９月对国家,省,市级等４７个人共６８１０名运动员进行了运动创伤流行病学调查,其中ＡＣＬ损伤３２例,癖发病率为０．４７％,损伤病因中技术失误伤首位,为５９．４％,上外与损伤（１５．６％）,场地（３．１％）等因素有关,全部病例均有不同程度的膝关节症状。尽管有３１％的人可参加正常训练,但５３．６％的同受到不同程度的影响,有些不得以停训或手术治疗。本文对ＡＣＬ损伤的致伤因素,诊断     

浅谈中学生运动训练损伤的防治

结合教学实际,论述了学生在体育课和体育运动中损伤的防治,从而增强学生在体育课和体育运动中损伤防治的意识,提高自我保护能力,达到科学训练的目的。     

2006-2010年象棋规则改革的反思

针对象棋比赛消极和棋多等问题,近几年对赛制、计时、计分等规则进行了系列改革,但都存在迫使红方、主队进攻,鼓励黑方：客队消极求和、比赛质量下降的问题。如何通过规则的修改促使比赛双方积极进取努力争胜,才是象棋规则改革的核心问题。     

八段锦的身心功效与锻炼误区的研究

文章运用文献资料法、综合分析法等研究方法,阐明八段锦的概念以及健身的理论基础,在此基础上进一步探讨八段锦的心理效应,并且提出一些人们练习时容易出现的锻炼误区,进一步使人们明确在练习八段锦时需要保持什么心态,促使八段锦能够得到积极的推广和发展。     

体育社会功效价值内涵及实现路径

运用文献资料、逻辑分析等方法,对近代以来体育社会功效的历史流变、价值内涵及新时代实现路径进行研究。近代以来我国体育社会功效经历强种救国时期、以体育人与以体外交时期、体育大国时期、兴体强国时期,价值内涵:从行为个人角度促进人的全面发展,从社会责任角度促进社会进步,从国家战略角度增进人类福祉。新时代体育社会功效的实现路径:挖掘健康快乐的体育规律,塑造个体良好的个性品质;遵守公平公正的体育规则,促进社会形成良好的规范秩序;搭建推动社会进步的体育平台,形成经济社会发展的体育动力;秉承国之交、民相亲的外交理念,践行体育外交的使命担当。     

山东省高校体育教师髌骨损伤及治疗方法的调查分析

运用文献资料法、问卷调查法和数理统计法,对山东省高校在职体育教师的髌骨损伤情况进行调查,结果显示：1）男女教师髌骨受损的发生率相比无显著差异（P〉0．05）;2）男女教师急性髌骨损伤在各年龄组间有显著差异,教龄短者更易于受损伤;3）教师各年龄组间慢性髌骨受损情况有非常显著性差异（P〈0．01）以教龄〉10年以上受损率最高,其受伤原因为冲撞、跳跃、扭伤,据此提出治疗康复方法。     

模具热处理中失效变形的原因及其对策

模具热处理技术是确保模具质量、延长使用寿命的关键所在，本文试就模具热处理过程中常遇到的失效变形等问题进行分析并作出相应对策。