The effect of two different 18-week walking programmes on aerobic fitness,selected blood lipids and factor XIIa

Abstract

The purpose of this project was to evaluate the utility of low- and high-repetition maximum (RM) strength tests used to assess rowers. Twenty elite heavyweight males (age 23.7 ± 4.0 years) performed four tests (5 RM, 30 RM, 60 RM and 120 RM) using leg press and seated arm pulling exercise on a dynamometer. Each test was repeated on two further occasions; 3 and 7 days from the initial trial. Per cent typical error (within-participant variation) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated using log-transformed repeated-measures data. High-repetition tests (30 RM, 60 RM and 120 RM), involving seated arm pulling exercise are not recommended to be included in an assessment battery, as they had unsatisfactory measurement precision (per cent typical error > 5% or ICC < 0.9). Conversely, low-repetition tests (5 RM) involving leg press and seated arm pulling exercises could be used to assess elite rowers (per cent typical error ≤ 5% and ICC ≥ 0.9); however, only 5 RM leg pressing met criteria (per cent typical error = 2.7%, ICC = 0.98) for research involving small samples (n = 20). In summary, low-repetition 5 RM strength testing offers greater utility as assessments of rowers, as they can be used to measure upper- and lower-body strength; however, only the leg press exercise is recommended for research involving small squads of elite rowers.     

Effect of vibratory stimulation training on maximal force and flexibility

In this study, we investigated a new method of training for maximal strength and flexibility, which included exertion with superimposed vibration (vibratory stimulation, VS) on target muscles. Twenty‐eight male athletes were divided into three groups, and trained three times a week for 3 weeks in one of the following conditions: (A) conventional exercises for strength of the arms and VS stretching exercises for the legs; (B) VS strength exercises for the arms and conventional stretching exercises for the legs; (C) irrelevant training (control group). The vibration was applied at 44 Hz while its amplitude was 3 mm. The effect of training was evaluated by means of isotonic maximal force, heel‐to‐heel length in the two‐leg split across, and flex‐and‐reach test for body flexion. The VS strength training yielded an average increase in isotonic maximal strength of 49.8%, compared with an average gain of 16% with conventional training, while no gain was observed for the control group. The VS flexibility training resulted in an average gain in the legs split of 14.5 cm compared with 4.1 cm for the conventional training and 2 cm for the control groups, respectively. The ANOVA revealed significant pre‐post training effects and an interaction between pre‐post training and ‘treatment’ effects (P< 0.001) for the isotonic maximal force and both flexibility tests. It was concluded that superimposed vibrations applied for short periods allow for increased gains in maximal strength and flexibility.     

A Field Test for Upper Body Strength and Endurance

Abstract

Historically, a measure of upper body strength and endurance has been included in fitness test batteries that are typically administered in the school setting. Pull-ups, or some modified form of pull-ups, have been the most popular test item used for the measurement of upper body strength and endurance. Despite the widespread usage of pull-ups, the test has often been criticized because of the large number of zero scores and the subsequent loss of discrimination among ability levels (Jackson & Griffin, 1983). The inability to achieve a score is perceived as failure on the part of the student.     

Validation of Criterion-Referenced Standards for Tests of Arm and Shoulder Girdle Strength and Endurance

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to establish criterion-referenced standards for selected tests of arm and shoulder girdle strength and endurance for college females. Several popular tests of arm and shoulder girdle strength and endurance were administered to equal numbers of trained and untrained college females (N = 92) to generate data for the analysis. The contrasting groups method (Berk, 1976; Safrit & Wood, 1990) yielded the following criterion cutoff scores that classified college females as trained or untrained on the basis of regular upper arm and shoulder girdle resistance training: pull-ups = .5 repetitions (reps), 90° push-ups = 16 reps, flexed arm hang = 5s, seated chest press = 24.5 kg, seated biceps curl = 16.4 kg, seated lat pull (latissmus dorsi pull-down) = 38.2 kg, absolute strength index = 86.4 kg, and relative strength index = .6 kg per kg of body weight. Cross-validation of the standards on an independent sample of college females (N = 112) suggested stability of the cutoff scores for pull-ups, flexed arm hang, and relative strength.     

膝关节前交叉韧带损伤后肌肉功能变化的观察与分析

评价膝关节前交叉韧带损伤后屈伸肌肉力量变化和腘绳肌生理状态变化的特征,以指导前交叉韧带重建术前和术后的康复治疗与训练。结果表明,前交叉韧带损伤后膝关节肌肉功能状态水平下降,在一定程度上影响运动中膝关节的稳定性,韧带重建术前和术后应注重加强膝关节肌肉力量和屈膝肌反应速度的康复训练,以减少术后康复训练中对重建韧带的负荷。     

高专学生“软实力”提升的意义与途径

以提升高专生就业竞争力为宗旨,阐述了在专科学历层次不变的前提下,提升“软实力”的意义,并主要从学校的层面对如何提升高专生“软实力”进行了探讨。     

路基强度稳定技术研究

由于路面竣工后,降水等入侵路基或地下水位发生变动时土基回弹模量值将大幅下降,引起路基强度失稳,进而损坏道路结构.文章分别研究分析了毛细水上升和气态水上升引起路基回弹模量的变化后路基强度降低对路面结构力学特性的影响程度,并基于此推荐采取隔断的办法以切断上下土层间的连接,阻断毛细水和气态水上升通道,以解决重载长效沥青路面中路基强度和稳定问题.     

中国科技期刊发展中的有关问题探讨

中国科技期刊发展中的直接障碍主要有3个方面:编辑人员自身素质参差不齐和期刊运作方式中不合理的管理方式;期刊要反映的科学技术本身的水平尚不高;管理部门支持力度不够和干预不恰当.但在学习国外先进管理和经营经验的同时,绝不应该简单地或盲目地效仿,而是要利用现有的良好发展机遇,借助网络时代带来的公平竞争条件,预测自身发展的捷径,利用先进的技术和好的经验,无障碍传播科技信息,使中国的科技学术期刊走具有自己特色的和谐发展道路.     

自行车运动员专项体能研究进展

自行车是一项集速度、力量和耐力于一身的运动项目,对运动员的体能,特别是专项体能要求较高。自行车运动员的专项体能主要包括有氧代谢能力、无氧代谢能力和专项力量,以及骑行技术与有氧、无氧能力的关系等。对国内外自行车运动员专项体能研究中的热点问题和主要研究成果进行分析讨论。