精华欲掩料应难——论《红楼梦》的"碍语",兼论曹氏全璧《红楼梦》的内容及其演变成80回本《石头记》的原因(下)

碍语,是曹氏全璧《红楼梦》最精彩的成分,是批判清皇朝专制主义最深刻、最具有艺术力量的闪光灯。碍语,使这部名著在诞生过程中历尽艰难险阻,直至被腰斩。精华欲掩料应难,就像断臂的维纳斯,被腰斩的《红楼梦》依然光芒四射,永存人间。     

Leadership and Ambiguity: When Policy,Politics, and Truth Collide

This article discusses the need for chairs to recognize the changing and interconnected nature of postmodern times by engaging with policy makers, politics, and coalitions in this age of supercomplexity. Chairing a kinesiology department is a rewarding and complex position fraught with uncertainty; nevertheless, tolerating and planning for ambiguity and conflict can lead to creative solutions and a more cohesive workgroup. This discussion is designed to make department chairs aware of the problems related to ambiguity in government and business and their impact on university policies, as well as the importance of politics and coalitions to strengthen programs so that valuable resources for the department can be obtained. Solutions are discussed to dealing with conflict and uncertainty with colleagues and constituents to strengthen the bonds of loyalty and trust by attending to human problems caused by stress and frustration.     

From their ‘own’ to ‘both’ interpretations: children’s understanding of ambiguity / De ‘su’ interpretación a ‘ambas’: la comprensión de la ambigüedad en los niños

Abstract

The present study aimed to analyse whether young children’s failure in succeeding ambiguity tasks is related to a bias in favour of maintaining their initial interpretation or one in favour of showing conformity to the interpretation of another person. Two experiments were conducted with ambiguous figures and ambiguous sentences. After giving their own interpretation of the stimulus, children of different ages (from 3–8 years of age) were confronted with the alternative interpretation. In general, the results of the two experiments found an accentuated ‘own’ bias, meaning that young children usually persisted in their own interpretation and did not show conformity to the ‘other’ interpretation. Only after the second grade were children able to understand that both interpretations (their own and the alternative) were equally valid for the same stimulus. The results also revealed that the ability to show informed reversal does not necessarily imply the ability to overcome the ‘own’ interpretation bias and, consequently, does not require the achievement of a real understanding of ambiguity. The present study showed an age-related development of ambiguity understanding, from an egocentric interpretation to the acceptance of two interpretations as equally valid.     

Spokespersons and Message Control: How the CDC Lost Credibility during the Anthrax Crisis This paper was presented to the Red River Communication Conference April 22, 2004.

This study evaluates the role of spokespersons and message control in complex organizations facing ambiguous crises. Specifically, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) response to the anthrax crisis in 2001 is offered as a case study. A textual analysis of CDC telebriefings and corresponding print media coverage of the anthrax crisis reveals the use of multiple spokespersons and poor message control resulted in a seemingly fragmented CDC message and apparent loss of CDC credibility. The study concludes that limiting the number of spokespersons and appropriate use of strategic ambiguity may afford organizations an opportunity to make sense of the situation, avoid confusing and contradictory messages and protect organizational credibility. Recommendations include (1) limiting the number of spokespersons, which allows for greater message control while reducing contradictory and inconsistent messages, (2) maintaining an organizational willingness to revise publicly stated positions as more accurate information becomes available, and (3) actively using strategic ambiguity as a mechanism to protect organizational credibility.     

双关语-歧义在英汉广告语中的妙用

歧义是语言使用中的客观现象:指同一个语言结构表达两个或多个意义的语言现象。歧义的这种模棱两可、意义不确定的独特特征,通过双关这一修辞方式被巧妙地运用到广告语言当中。本篇文章将探讨歧义的定义,并讨论歧义与广告语言的关系,以及歧义借助双关在广告语言中的运用。     

歧义格式及其分类

歧义格式是能生成歧义实例的抽象句法格式，歧义实例即通常所说的歧义结构，指含有多个认知意义的具体句法结构。歧义格式按其结构项可分为含常项歧义格式和不含常项歧义格式，按变项的类别可以分为词类变项歧义格式和句法成分类变项歧义格式，按歧义源的类别可分为成分源歧义格式和关系源歧义格式，按照单义式之间句法语义关系的异同可分为内部歧义格式和外部歧义格式，按照生产歧义实例的能力可分为强势歧义格式、弱势歧义格式和临界歧义格式。     

现代汉语歧义格式研究

研究歧义可以考察同一语言形式表达多种语义内容的可能性，考察表面相同的形式实质上的差异，进而深化对语言形式与内容的种种复杂对应关系的认识，本文从大量复杂的歧义现象中提炼出为数不多的歧义句式，研究其生成歧义句的条件，从而探讨歧义组织形成的具体原因，构成的条件及组合成分的配合规律。     

英语歧义的成因及修辞功能

国内外许多学者都对英语歧义作过研究,这些研究主要是从句法结构的角度进行具体分析的。我们更倾向于从语义学的角度分析歧义。语义因素是歧义产生的主要因素之一,语境也是歧义产生的一个重要因素。一般来说,歧义是语言交际的绊脚石,但如果能巧妙地运用歧义,也能收到节奏和谐、生动形象、含蓄幽默、揶揄讽刺等修辞效果。     

歧义的揭示与消除

语言的开放性和不确定性是语言中歧义现象产生的总体原因.运用相同的形式表达不同的意义,这是人类自然语言不同于人工语言的一个重要特点.歧义类型的多样化说明造成歧义原因的复杂程度,但主要是词语和语法组合的原因.消除歧义的主要手段有移位、增加或改换词语、更换句式、利用语境等.     

英语歧义及其在生活中的应用

歧义是英语中常见的一种语言现象。由于歧义现象的普遍存在,中外语言学家对此已做了大量的研究。文中将结合前人的研究成果探讨英语中歧义的概念,歧义的分类以及歧义在现实生活中的应用。