德国语义学发展的历史趋势及其内在特征——逻辑实证主义之前语义学的诞生与兴起

19世纪到20世纪初是德国语义学诞生、发展和趋向转变的历史阶段,这一时期德国语义学的历史演进秉承了德国古典哲学传统尤其是康德哲学的思想精髓,从继承和批判的两个维度开启了向现代语义学迈进的崭新路径。在此过程中,语义学家们在新兴的精确性科学如数学和几何学发展的影响下,主张通过采用清晰而完善的逻辑语形构造,以保证语义理解的系统性和严密性;同时,心理学方法也开始和语义学的分析结合起来,形成了心理和意向语义分析的早期传统。在以逻辑实证主义为标志的德国现代语义理论兴起之前,它从哲学、心理学和语言科学等各个学科当中吸取营养、开辟阵地,为现代语义学的兴起和繁荣奠定了基础,其中所蕴含的心理意向分析和语境阐释等合理性思维成为了当代科学语义学建设的理论先驱和历史渊源。     

Constructivisms and Relativisms: A Shopper‘s Guide

Diverse forms of constructivism can be found in the literature today. They exhibit a commonality regarding certain classical positions that they oppose - a unity in their negative identities - but a sometimes wild multiplicity and incompatibility regarding the positive proposals that they put forward. In particular, some constructivisms propose an epistemological idealism, with a concomitant relativism, while others are explicitly opposed to such positions, and move in multifarious different directions. This is a potentially confusing situation, and has resulted in some critics branding all constructivisms with the charge of relativism, and throwing out the baby with the bath water. In addition, since the epistemological foundations of even non-relativist constructivisms are not as familiar as the classical positions, there is a risk of mis-interpretation of constructivisms and their consequences, even by some who endorse them, not to mention those who criticize. Because I urge that some version of constructivism is an epistemological necessity, this situation strikes me as seriously unfortunate for philosophy, and potentially dangerous for the practice of education.     

缺省模态逻辑

本文在Reiter 1980年提出的缺省逻辑的基础上,将缺省条件视为获取知识的背景知识与所得到的知识同等地加以考虑,提出了一种缺省模态逻辑。它是一种非单调逻辑,并且具有在Reiter的系统中所不能保证的两个重要性质:扩充的存在性和非单调性,然后通过知识从其背景中分离出来的方法,给出了一个缺省理论扩充的概念,它是Reiter的扩充概念的一种推广。     

《司岗里》传说:佤族走失文明的历史再现

佤族没有文字,其历史文化均以口耳相传的方式传承下来,这为佤族历史文化的解读提供了诸多可能。佤族创世神话《司岗里》流传于整个阿佤山地带,乃至缅甸、泰国、老挝、柬埔寨、印度,内容不仅涵盖了宇宙、人类及万物的起源,还包括了佤族及其先祖数千年颠沛流离的迁徙史。当我们将这部神话传说与失落千年的古滇国文化、夜郎文化、哀牢文化和石佛洞文化进行链接的时候,佤族那段走失的文明便会以另一种方式再现。     

论安·塞克斯顿诗歌《灰姑娘》中的重复

美国现代作家塞克斯顿在其诗歌《灰姑娘》中运用类像和怪异两种重复方式对原格林童话进行了成功的"变形",揭示了后现代社会的表征危机以及消费主义文化。     

Researching female professors: the difficulties of representation,positionality and power in feminist research

This article draws on findings from my doctoral research to exemplify some of the difficulties I encountered when interviewing 20 female professors¹1. In the UK context, the title of ‘professor’ is reserved for full professors only – that is, those with either an established or personal chair. and subsequently writing about their life histories. In this article, I discuss how I addressed the issues of representing and positioning my participants, and I reflect on the power dynamics present in the research process. The article contends that by drawing on Bourdieu and Wacquant's [An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press] understanding of reflexivity and feminist interpretations of their work including McNay [“Gender, Habitus and the Field: Pierre Bourdieu and the Limits of Reflexivity.” Theory Culture Society 16: 95] and Adkins [“Reflexivity Freedom or Habit of Gender?” Theory Culture Society 20: 21], valuable research can be produced, despite the difficulties. A related aim of this paper is to reflect back after four years in an academic post on my position as a novice researcher, and some of the associated issues facing doctoral students, particularly the problems with researching upwards [Walford, G. 2011 Walford, G. 2011. “Researching the Powerful.” British Educational Research Association on-line resource. Accessed March 17, 2014. www.bera.ac.uk/system/files/Researching%20the%20Powerful.pdf [Google Scholar]. “Researching the Powerful. British Educational Research Association On-line Resource.” Accessed March 17, 2014. www.bera.ac.uk/system/files/Researching%20the%20Powerful.pdfWalford 2011].     

Images as representations: visual sources on education and childhood in the past

The challenge of using images for the history of education and childhood will be addressed in this article by looking at them as representations. Central is the relationship between representations and reality. The focus is on the power of paintings as representations of aspects of realities. First the meaning of representation for images as sources for the history of education and childhood – mirrors of realities, complex symbol systems or representations – is explained. A distinction is made between images of real people and images of patterns of human behaviour and the value of the phenomenon of historical sensation as a methodological instrument for insight in that relationship is dealt with. Second, a specific genre of paintings from the seventeenth century, namely portraits of dead children, will be described and analysed to make clear that their value for the history of education and childhood can be studied adequately only by using those images as representations and by interpreting them within the cultural rules and regulations of time and place. This analysis results in the conclusion that images should be considered in their function as representations of aspects of educational and childhood reality.     

超越表达：论科学理论知识的先验特征与先验证成

一般来说,在科学哲学之中,对科学理论的考察都围绕着理论表达的方式、机制及其恰当性而进行,而且无论是科学理论的陈述观还是模型观都会将表达与同构关系密切地联系起来。这些考察的哲学背景都与关于科学理论的知识论、然后是科学中的形而上学问题有关——尤其是对于知识论而言,是否可能、如何论证科学知识的真理性、客观性、合理性与普适性以及如何证成如此的科学理论知识都是非常重要的问题,而且这些问题和表达及其恰当性有密切的关系。于是,与科学知识有关的怀疑论、工具主义挑战其实都来自于对基础的科学理论表达机制、被表达项的认定等产生的怀疑与挑战。可是,基于同构性的表达机制不可能完全消除对科学理论知识的怀疑论挑战。这时,科学哲学的讨论就需要超越表达并将对科学理论知识的证成引向先验的进路。     

基于稀疏表示的人脸识别算法

近年来,人脸识别一直是计算机视觉和模式识别领域一个很热门研究课题。随着压缩感知理论的发展,稀疏表示已经成功应用于人脸识别。文章系统地综述了人脸识别的研究现状、系统,并重点介绍了基于稀疏表示的人脸识别算法及求解,最后对人脸识别算法存在的问题以及发展进行了展望。     

网络情境下高职生角色失调的问题表征和归因分析

高职生的角色心理在互联网时代具有特殊性。调查表明,网络情境下高职生主要存在三种角色失调现象：现实-网络角色间冲突、现实-网络角色不清、现实-网络角色延伸不当。主体角色薄弱、现实角色受阻是导致网络情境下高职生角色失调的主要原因。