从语用预设的角度分析美国情景喜剧《老友记》中的言语幽默

幽默丰富多彩,表现形式也多种多样。言语幽默是幽默的重要成分,多个领域的专家已经对此展开了研究。美国情景喜剧中的言语幽默是一个非常值得研究的语言现象。本篇文章以《老友记》为例,旨在从语用预设的角度分析言语幽默。     

高职生言语交际现状调查及对策分析

针对高职生言语交际能力不强的现状,通过问卷调查的方式,考察到目前高职生言语交际中所表现出的"不文明现象普遍,普通话整体水平欠佳,口头语使用普遍"三个主要特征,在分析原因的基础上,提出了"发挥政策的导向作用、营造健康文明的校园用语环境、完善高职院校的课程体系、发挥教师的指导作用、积极参加言语实践活动"五种针对性措施,借以培养高职生的言语交际能力。     

美剧《老友记》中幽默言语解读机制的认知研究

该文试图结合认知语言学中的概念整合理论以及V-N理论,分析美剧《老友记》中幽默言语的解读机制,探讨剧中的幽默言语是如何被观众解读以产生幽默效果。在建立起理论模型后,该文将结合剧中的语料按照概念整合的四种类型依次进行分析,以揭示言语幽默解读过程中的认知机制。     

论竞技场上的侵犯行为

运用献分析和观察的方法，以国外有关社会心理学和侵犯理论为依据．运用“生物本能”理论、情景理论、精神分析理论、“本立而道生”理论、挫折、侵犯理论、社会学习理论等，对竞技场上所存在的不良侵犯行为进行了深刻地剖析。     

浅论跨文化交际中的非语言行为

运用丰富翔实的例证 ,从表情语、身势语、姿势语、空间语和服饰语等方面对非语言行为进行归类 ,并探索了它在中西方文化中的异同及对跨文化交际的影响。     

记忆、认知和运动行为

在运动记忆领域中,注意机能、认知表征、表象过程和信息编码等问题日益受到重视.从组织结构、言语标记、心理表象,心理练习和预选动作等5个方面,论述了从认知角度探讨运动记忆问题的研究成果,阐明了现代运动记忆研究与经典记忆研究的巨大差异.     

Embellishing Problem-Solving Examples with Deep Structure Information Facilitates Transfer

Appreciation of problem structure is critical to successful learning. Two experiments investigated effective ways of communicating problem structure in a computer-based learning environment and tested whether verbal instruction is necessary to specify solution steps, when deep structure is already embellished by instructional examples. Participants learned to solve algebra-like problems and then solved transfer problems that required adjustment of learned procedures. Experiment 1 demonstrated that verbal instruction helped learning by reducing learners' floundering, but its positive effect disappeared in the transfer. More importantly, students transferred better when they studied with examples that emphasized problem structure rather than solution procedure. Experiment 2 showed that verbal instruction was not necessarily more effective than nonverbal scaffolding to convey problem structure. Final understanding was determined by transparency of problem structure regardless of presence of verbal instruction. However, verbal instruction had a positive impact on learners by having them persist through the task, and optimal instructional choices were likely to differ depending on populations of learners.     

Trajectories of maternal verbal aggression across the middle school years: associations with negative view of self and social problems

Objective

The primary research objective was to explore the relationship between trajectories of maternal verbal aggression (VA) experienced by low-income, community middle school students across a three-year period and outcomes that have been found to be related to VA in previous work, including a negative view of self and social problems.

Method

Longitudinal data were collected from 421 youth (51.8% male) attending two middle schools over 3 years using a multiple-informant survey design. K-means cluster analysis was used to identify trajectories of VA using youth ratings of the Conflict Tactics Scale: Parent-Child (Straus, Hamby, Finkelhor, Moore, & Runyan, 1998). Dependent variables were self-reported depression, self-esteem, delinquency, and peer victimization as well as peer-rated aggression and sensitive-isolated reputation.

Results

Four trajectory groups of VA were identified: Low Stable, Increasing, Decreasing, and High Stable. The 3-year average occurrence of VA was: 1.31, 9.18, 10.24, and 31.14 instances, respectively. Gender-specific MANOVAs revealed dramatic differences between the High Stable and Low Stable groups. High Stable boys reported significantly more depressive symptoms, delinquency, peer overt and relational victimization, and were less likely to have a sensitive/isolated reputation than Low Stable boys. High Stable girls reported significantly more depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, delinquency, peer overt and relational victimization and were rated by peers as having more aggressive/disruptive and relationally aggressive reputations than Low Stable girls. Girls in the High Stable group were more likely than other youth to report levels of depressive symptoms and delinquency >1 SD above the mean, while boys in the High Stable group were more likely to report levels of delinquency >1 SD above the mean. The Increasing and Decreasing groups also demonstrated significantly poorer functioning than the Low Stable group on most outcomes. Growth curve analysis revealed that VA showed a contemporaneous association with self-reported delinquency suggesting these factors are closely related.

Conclusions

Any level of VA greater than the 1–2 instances per year reported by youth in the Low Stable group was associated with less favorable outcomes.     

不同攻击／受欺儿童的同伴关系情感性质认知研究

本研究利用计算机程序呈现8个暗含不同同伴情感关系的小对话场景测查儿童的同伴情感关系判断准确性,采用问卷法对儿童的同伴关系情感性质认知进行初步探查,结果表明：不同类型儿童之间的同伴情感关系判断准确性存在显著性差异,未卷入儿童高于直接攻击儿童。不同类型儿童对同伴关系情感性质认知（认同程度）的差异,整体而言,间接攻击儿童采取趋中认知,受欺负儿童对同伴关系情感性质的工具性认同程度最高,攻击一受欺儿童极端认同工具性维度又极端不认同情感性维度,未卷入儿童对情感性维度认同程度最高,而直接攻击儿童表现出不计与一般同学的情感关系。不同攻击／受欺儿童的同伴关系情感性质认知呈现出截然不同的特点。     

由攻击性视角审视体育运动的和谐发展

人类和所有的动物一样都存在着攻击性,这是由生物性所决定的,是人类与生俱来的能力。论述了人类攻击性与体育运动的关系,体育运动运用其独有的方式宣泄着人类的攻击性,从攻击性的视角提出了促进体育运动和谐发展的对策。