言语交际与非言语交际差异刍议

认为人类的交际系统由两部分组成:言语交际和非言语交际系统。针对两者之间的差异,进行初步的归纳和探索,这种探索对外语教学亦有借鉴之处。     

关联论视角下言语礼貌的认知研究

文章通过分析传统言语礼貌研究的不足,运用关联理论,从语用推理和认知语境两方面对言语礼貌进行了解读,认为言语礼貌是听话人的一种认知期待,是听话人理解的结果。     

融合与构建:民国《孙子兵法》研究

近代《孙子兵法》研究是在构建学术和救亡战争的双重压力与动力下进行的,其间融合中西兵学,体现了强烈的学术自觉和民族自觉。《孙子兵法》研究在近代经历了地位重建的曲折过程,在这个否定之否定的过程中,无论是研究模式还是研究内涵都体现了浓重的融合中西的时代特点和反侵略战争的实践特点,这个时期的《孙子兵法》研究因此也更凸显了学术的百家之色和实践的应战之力,留给后人以巨大的智慧财富和宽广的思考空间。     

英语言语幽默生成机制的语用学研究

言语幽默是对语言的创造性使用,使自然语言的潜在能力得以充分发挥。言语幽默的生成具有较强的语境依赖性,而语境是语用学的关键概念之一,语用学的相关理论能够对言语幽默的生成提供理据。研究拟在语用学的框架下探究言语幽默的生成机制,讨论指示语、预设、合作原则和言语行为理论等语用学的相关理论与言语幽默之间的关系。对言语幽默的理解和欣赏有利于提高语言学习者的语言敏感性、培养其语用推理能力,促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。同时,言语幽默的恰当使用可以维护交际双方的面子,调解人际关系,促进人际和谐。     

Nonword reading and other reading-related skills in Down syndrome

The performance of children and young adults with Down syndrome (DS) on reading subskills and nonword reading was investigated. The performance of the participants with DS (N = 42) was compared to that of typically developing (N = 36) peers matched on fluid intelligence abilities. The study accounted for the different depths in orthography presented by the two languages. The independent samples t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, ANCOVA and correlation analysis were used to analyse the data. This study identified that the participants with DS had several strengths, such as nonword reading, visual discrimination (VD) and phonological awareness. Verbal short-term memory, visual perceptual processing skills other than VD and rhyming skills were identified as weaker in DS compared with the control group. Results call for educators to expose readers with DS to a phonological approach to reading while accommodating difficulties in VSTM.     

Associations between childhood abuse and interpersonal aggression and suicide attempt among U.S. adults in a national study

The aim of this study is to examine associations among childhood physical, emotional, or sexual abuse and violence toward self (suicide attempts [SA]) and others (interpersonal aggression [IA]). Data were obtained from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Waves 1 and 2 (n = 34,653). Multinomial logistic regression examined associations between type of childhood abuse and violence categories, adjusting for demographic variables, other childhood adversity, and DSM-IV psychiatric disorders. The prevalence of reported childhood abuse was 4.60% for physical abuse, 7.83% for emotional abuse, and 10.20% for sexual abuse. Approximately 18% of adults reported some form of violent behavior, distributed as follows: IA, 13.37%; SA, 2.64%; and SA with IA, 1.85%. After adjusting for demographic variables, other childhood adversity, and psychiatric disorders, each type of childhood abuse was significantly related to increased risk for each violence category as compared with the no violence category. Furthermore, the odds ratio of childhood physical abuse was significantly higher for SA with IA when compared with IA, and the odds ratio of childhood sexual abuse was significantly higher for SA and SA with IA when compared with IA. Childhood physical, emotional, and sexual abuse is directly related to the risk for violent behaviors to self and others. Both internalizing and externalizing psychiatric disorders impact the association between childhood abuse and violence. The inclusion of suicidal behaviors and interpersonal aggression and internalizing/externalizing psychiatric disorders within an integrated conceptual framework will facilitate more effective interventions for long-lasting effects of child abuse.     

也说汉语动量词的产生

汉语之所以产生动量词,是汉语由弱分析性语言逐步向强分析性语言演变的结果。动量词是在先秦时期的"动+名+(数+X名量)"这一格式中孕育并产生的,到了汉代,"动+名+(数+X)"这个句子形式没有变,但在类推的作用下,其中的"数+X"所表达的语义范畴扩大了,即在补充说明动作结果的基础上,又拓展出新的计量动作反复次数的语义范畴。     

言语礼貌的主观性探析

语言的主观性是语言使用者主体意识的体现。作为一种常见的语用现象,言语礼貌不可避免地具有主观性特征。交际者的认知、交际意图、意识程度及情感因素等主观因素,制约着他/她对礼貌话语的选择和对某一礼貌话语的理解。     

Verbal Short‐term Memory Performance in Pupils with Down Syndrome

Research has shown that verbal short‐term memory span is shorter in individuals with Down syndrome than in typically developing individuals of equivalent mental age, but little attention has been given to variations within or across groups. Differences in the environment and in particular educational experiences may play a part in the relative ease or difficulty with which children remember verbal material. This article explores the performance of 26 Egyptian pupils with Down syndrome and 26 Egyptian typically developing children on two verbal short‐term memory tests: digit recall and non‐word repetition tasks. The findings of the study revealed that typically developing children showed superior performance on these tasks to that of pupils with Down syndrome, whose performance was both lower and revealed a narrower range of attainment. Comparisons with the performance of children with Down syndrome in this study suggested that not only did the children with Down syndrome perform more poorly than the typically developing children, their profile also appeared worse than the results of studies of children with a similar mental age with Down syndrome carried out in western countries. The results from this study suggested that, while deficits in verbal short‐term memory in Down syndrome may well be universal, it is important to recognise that performances may vary as a consequence of culture and educational experiences. The significance of these findings is explored with reference to approaches to education and how these are conceptualised in relation to children with disabilities.     

Navigating privacy tensions when responding to online aggression at postsecondary institutions

Postsecondary institutions have a legal responsibility to ensure that students have access to a safe learning environment. While institutions adopt policies and hire administrators to protect students from harm, many are underprepared to support students when these harmful incidents happen online. This is of increased concern now that online aggression is pervasive across universities worldwide. While faculty, administrators and students agree that online aggression is a significant issue and that institutions ought to provide prevention and response services, there is concern that these efforts might violate privacy norms. We used the theory of privacy as contextual integrity (CI) to explore the tensions that postsecondary students and staff perceive regarding student privacy when responding to incidents of online aggression. To do so, we conducted focus groups with undergraduate students and student affairs administrators from a Historically Black College and University (HBCU) in the Mid-Atlantic USA. Our analysis surfaced three considerations that inform students' and staff's decision to report an incident of online aggression: their closeness to the person making the post, their perception of the online post content as a real threat and their knowledge of an authority figure who could help resolve the situation. We used CI theory to explain how these considerations can inform institutional policy, practice and future research.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

• Online aggression is a pervasive issue at postsecondary institutions worldwide that can contribute to psychological, academic and developmental issues.
• Postsecondary students and staff are unsure of how to respond to incidents of online aggression.
• There is a gap in policies and procedures for responding to online aggression at postsecondary institutions.

What this paper adds

• A novel use of Nissenbaum's (2010) theory of contextual integrity to understand students' and staff's perceptions of privacy.
• Students' and staff's decisions to intervene or report an online aggression incident are determined by their relationship to the perpetrator, the severity of the social media post and their knowledge of who to tell on campus.
• Students and staff are reluctant to inform the police out of fear of violence against the perpetrator.

Implications for practice and/or policy

• Raise awareness about responding to online aggression incidents.
• Implement online bystander intervention training programs to increase awareness and self-efficacy to intervene in unclear situations.
• Develop clear policies regarding online aggression, as well as a trustworthy procedure for how to respond.