Groundwater scarcity impact on inclusiveness and women empowerment: Insights from school absenteeism of female students in two watersheds in India

A survey was conducted in eight secondary schools located in two watersheds in Gujarat and Rajasthan (semi-arid region of India) to assess students’ perceptions about groundwater scarcity issues and the impact of the scarcity on their educational opportunities. Survey responses to a detailed questionnaire by a cohort of students in both watersheds; school attendance records of year 8 class students (13–14 years old) and responses gathered via a socio-economic survey involving 500 families in the study area were used in the study. In both watersheds, >90% students identified groundwater scarcity as a major issue. Required to work at home or farm, about 65% students in Gujarat and 60% in Rajasthan missed school for up to 2 days/month; and a smaller proportion (～ 30%) missed schools for 4 or more days/month. School absenteeism was found to be linked with gender; female students missed schools more frequently than their male counterpart. The school attendance records in Rajasthan showed that the frequency of female students missing schools for 5 or more days/month was on an average 2–10 times greater than that for males. The gender difference in absenteeism in all schools was statistically significant (P?<?.018**). The study highlighted that groundwater scarcity in the study area, and consequent demand on their time for household work including fetching drinking water are contributing factors towards limiting their educational and economic opportunities. Groundwater scarcity can be one of the key factors that can limit inclusiveness and empowerment of women and need to be considered in policy-making.     

高压变频器装置在热连轧层流冷却系统中的应用

高压变频装置是电动机在传统的直接控制、水电阻控制、液力偶合器、可控硅控制情况下,随着控制技术、电力电子技术、微电子技术以及计算机技术的发展和现代生产工艺要求发展起来的控制技术。文章就热连轧精轧后续工艺——层流冷却应用的高压变频装置进行分析和应用介绍。     

一种天然沸石矿的结构和脱氮性能的试验研究

采用产自云南文山的天然沸石矿作为试验材料,通过水洗、稀硫酸溶液浸渍和饱和氯化钠溶液浸渍三种方法活化改性处理;X衍射实验结果显示,样品中的基本成分钠红沸石保持不变;脱氮试验结果显示,饱和氯化钠溶液浸渍后的样品效果最佳,稀硫酸溶液浸渍的样品的效果次之,水洗后的样品的效果最差。     

论对学生评教的合理定位

学生评教是当前各高校普遍采用的一项旨在保障课堂教学质量的重要措施。有赞成者对其推崇备至,也有反对者对其大加鞭挞。问题的关键在于对学生评教的合理定位。事实上,学生评教的合理性和它的限度蕴涵着“半杯水”哲学。     

绿色多功能材料高铁酸钾的应用研究进展

高铁酸钾是具有强氧化性和高选择性的绿色、无污染的多功能化学试剂,其在水处理、有机合成、化学电源等领域具有广泛的应用.在分析应用的基础上对其发展趋势进行了分析,并提出了今后的研究设想.     

交流变频调速技术节能应用分析

介绍了交流变频调速类型、基本原理和节能原理及分析,并在有关行业生产过程中,采用变频调速技术,实现节能、改善工艺、提高了产品质量,并阐述了变频调速技术(或装置)存在的优点,以及发展趋势.     

浅析城市水资源的合理利用与管理

城市水资源问题已成为制约经济发展的主要因素之一。本文根据城市水资源的特点。分析了影响城市水资源利用的主要因素和科学管理城市水资源的主要措施,从而实现城市水资源的可持续发展和地区经济繁荣。     

The Social and Historic Construction of Professional Values in Conservation

Summary

This paper discusses the social history of the emergence of conservation as a profession distinct from traditional restoration. It proposes that the development of conservation as a distinct field came about through the evolution of an existing area of practice, in a changing conceptual climate which increasingly acknowledged the necessity for, and the legitimacy of the scientific model. This paper considers the changes in societal values that led conservators to hold their present ethical principles, values and beliefs, focusing on two in particular: the importance of preserving the integrity of the object, and the belief that the best way to do this is through the application of science.     

Spread or Sacrifice: Dilemma for Lighting Policies

ABSTRACT

Light sensitive objects will fade on display. Collection managers and curators face the dilemma whether to spread fading over several similar objects or sacrifice one. This paper describes an experiment in which participants were asked how they would want to pass on a collection of seventeenth century hand-coloured maps to coming generations. Results show that while colour changes are hardly visible, both public and professionals do not perceive them as damage and prefer to spread fading. Once fading becomes clearly visible in all maps, the preference shifts to sacrificing one map. The tipping point lies around five just noticeable changes. This information can be used when selecting objects for exhibition. The outcome also implies it would be prudent to assess the degree of fading of much exhibited objects and consider whether and when to choose for a sacrifice strategy.     

中国水资源安全的现状分析与对策研究

讨论了水资源安全的概念,分析了中国水资源安全的现状及影响中国水资源的因素;讨论了中国水资源的安全对策。指出,水资源安全包括水质的安全和水量的安全;我国的水量安全、水质安全供需矛盾都已比较突出,而且随着社会的进步和发展,今后一段时期内若不注意污染的认真治理,水质污染仍将呈发展趋势;影响我国水资源安全的因素在于自然因素和人为因素以及2者的不协调作用;加强水资源的统一管理,促进可持续发展;充分利用污水,缓解区域供水压力;适应社会主义市场经济的要求,开拓国内、国际2个市场;加强水资源的安全有赖于科技进步,开源、节流并重,以提高用水效益为核心,加强水资源保护,有效防止水污染;针对地区特点,做到以水定产、以水定发展等。