The need for ‘representative task design’ in evaluating efficacy of skills tests in sport: A comment on Russell,Benton and Kingsley (2010)

Abstract

Russell, Benton and Kingsley (2010 Russell, M., Benton, D. and Kingsley, M. 2010. Reliability and construct validity of soccer skills tests that measure passing, shooting, and dribbling. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(13): 1399–1408. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) recently suggested a new association football test comprising three different tasks for the evaluation of players' passing, dribbling and shooting skills. Their stated intention was to enhance ‘ecological validity’ of current association football skills tests allowing generalisation of results from the new protocols to performance constraints that were ‘representative’ of experiences during competitive game situations. However, in this comment we raise some concerns with their use of the term ‘ecological validity’ to allude to aspects of ‘representative task design’. We propose that in their paper the authors confused understanding of environmental properties, performance achievement and generalisability of the test and its outcomes. Here, we argue that the tests designed by Russell and colleagues did not include critical sources of environmental information, such as the active role of opponents, which players typically use to organise their actions during performance. Static tasks which are not representative of the competitive performance environment may lead to different emerging patterns of movement organisation and performance outcomes, failing to effectively evaluate skills performance in sport.     

信息化下任务驱动教学法在高校体育教学中的应用

信息化下的任务驱动法是以解决问题和完成既定任务为目标的多维互动式教学理念。高校体育教学中应用任务驱动法和网络信息教学的结合能够有效调动学生学习积极性,提高教学质量。     

Effect of speed on local dynamic stability of locomotion under different task constraints in running

Abstract

A number of studies have investigated effects of speed on local dynamic stability of walking, although this relationship has been rarely investigated under changing task constraints, such as during forward and backward running. To rectify this gap in the literature, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of running speed on local dynamic stability of forward and backward running on a treadmill. Fifteen healthy male participants took part in this study. Participants ran in forward and backward directions at speeds of 80%, 100% and 120% of their preferred running speed. The three-dimensional motion of a C7 marker was recorded using a motion capture system. Local dynamic stability of the marker was quantified using short- and long-term largest finite-time Lyapunov exponents (LyE). Results showed that short-term largest finite-time LyE values increased with participant speed meaning that local dynamic stability decreased with increasing speed. Long-term largest finite-time LyEs, however, remained unaffected as speed increased. Results of this study indicated that, as in walking, slow running is more stable than fast running. These findings improve understanding of how stability is regulated when constraints on the speed of movements is altered. Implications for the design of rehabilitation or sport practice programmes suggest how task constraints could be manipulated to facilitate adaptations in locomotion stability during athletic training.     

Strength training and power output: Transference effects in the human quadriceps muscle

The effects of strength training of the quadriceps on peak power output during isokinetic cycling has been investigated in a group of 17 young healthy volunteers. Subjects trained by lifting near‐maximal loads on a leg extension machine for 12 weeks. Measurements of maximal voluntary isometric force were made at 2–3 week intervals and a continual record was kept of the weights lifted in training. Peak power output was measured at 110 rev min^–1 and at either 70 or 80 rev min^–1 before and after the 12 week training period. Measurements of maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂max) were made on 12 subjects before and after training. The greatest change was in the weights lifted in training which increased by 160–200%. This was accompanied by a much smaller increase in maximum isometric force (3–20%). There was no significant change in peak power output at either speed. The VO₂max remained unchanged with training. The role of task specificity in training is discussed in relation to training regimes for power athletes and for rehabilitation of patients with muscle weakness.     

对体育训练艺术现象的思考

在创建我国体育训练艺术论新学科时,首先必须深入进行专题性研究,特别是对学科对象要进行深入探讨。借助唯物辩证法理论,运用献资料法等科学方法,提出了“体育训练艺术现象”这一新概念,揭示了体育训练艺术论新学科的特殊矛盾,提出了体育训练理论的研究任务。     

关于远程开放教育教学模式的构想--兼论"三动"教学法

远程开放教育是未来教育发展方向之一,本文在分析开放教育教学优势的基础上,探析了适合开放教育自身发展规律的"三动"教学模式,并提出了开放教育教学改革应完善的问题.     

发展性教师评价探析

发展性教师评价与奖惩性教师是两种不同的评价理念和制度。与奖惩性教师评价相比,发展性教师评价以教师的专业性发展为归旨,具有激励性、前瞻性、民主性和建设性特点。发展性教师评价过程包括准备、实施和总评三个阶段及其相应的程序性工作。实施发展性教师评价要注意同奖惩制度脱钩,为教师发展导航,与民主参与同行,跟保密泄密绝缘。     

论主流新闻媒体宏观经济报道的核心任务

新条件下的主流媒体宏观经济报道要力求为经济健康、平稳运行提供舆论保障;对宏观经济运行中出现的问题进行监督、预警并就涉及国家重大经济利益问题影响国际舆论。     

论准确把握国内主要矛盾的基本经验

建国以来，在怎样准确地把握国内主要社会矛盾方面，中国共产党和中国人民在半个多世纪的探索中积累了丰富的经验，其中值得牢牢记取的基本经验是：确认每一历史阶段所要解决的主要问题或中心任务，与主要矛盾是内在统一的；在剥削阶级消灭以前，不可把主要的阶级矛盾等同于主要社会矛盾；必须注意主要矛盾与次要矛盾的区分，具有不确定性；要客观地把握具体历史阶段推移中主要矛盾的转变与不变。     

《运动中任务定向和自我定向问卷》与《学业中任务定向和自我定向问卷》的初步检验

本文以武汉市普通中学的58名高中一年级学生和本地区大专院校的52名97级专科学生作为被试,对《运动中任务定向和自我定向问卷》与《学业中的任务定向和自我定向问卷》进行了初步检验。