Skating start propulsion: three-dimensional kinematic analysis of elite male and female ice hockey players

The forward skating start is a fundamental skill for male and female ice hockey players. However, performance differences by athlete’s sex cannot be fully explained by physiological variables; hence, other factors such as skating technique warrant examination. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the body movement kinematics of ice hockey skating starts between elite male and female ice hockey participants. Male (n = 9) and female (n = 10) elite ice hockey players performed five forward skating start accelerations. An 18-camera motion capture system placed on the arena ice surface captured full-body kinematics during the first seven skating start steps within 15 meters. Males’ maximum skating speeds were greater than females. Skating technique sex differences were noted: in particular, females presented ~10° lower hip abduction throughout skating stance as well as ~10° greater knee extension at initial ice stance contact, conspicuously followed by a brief cessation in knee extension at the moment of ice contact, not evident in male skaters. Further study is warranted to explain why these skating technique differences exist in relation to factors such as differences in training, equipment, performance level, and anthropometrics.     

划船式短跑途中跑技术上肢动作描述及其数据证明

本文引用相关数据证明以下“划船式短跑途中跑技术[1]”是世界级水平部分运动员使用的技术;而低于世界级水平部分优秀运动员使用的是经典短跑途中跑技术。     

The differential effects of PNF versus passive stretch conditioning on neuromuscular performance

Abstract

The effects of flexibility conditioning on neuromuscular and sensorimotor performance were assessed near to full knee extension (25°). Eighteen males who were randomly assigned into two groups underwent eight weeks (three-times per week) of flexibility conditioning (hip region/knee flexor musculature; dominant limb) involving either proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) (n=9) or passive stretching (PASS) (n=9). Both modes of flexibility conditioning are popular within contemporary exercise and clinical settings and have demonstrated efficacy in improving range of motion. The contralateral limb and a prior ‘no exercise’ condition were used as controls. The PNF and PASS modes of conditioning improved passive hip flexibility to a similar extent (mean 19.3% vs. baseline, intervention limb, p<0.01) but did not alter knee flexor strength (overall mean 309.6±81 N) or sensorimotor performance (force and positional errors: 2.3±8.2% and 0.48±7.1%). Voluntary and magnetically evoked electromechanical delays (EMD_V and EMD_E, respectively) were increased but to a greater extent following PASS compared to PNF (PASS: 10.8% and 16.9% lengthening of EMD_V and EMD_E, respectively vs. PNF: 3.2% and 6.2%, p<0.01).The attenuated change to electromechanical delay (EMD) performance during PNF conditioning suggests a preserved capability for rapid muscle activation, which is important in the maintenance of dynamic joint stability. That PNF was also equally efficacious in flexibility conditioning would suggest that this mode of flexibility training should be used over passive to help preserve dynamic joint stability capabilities at this extended and vulnerable joint position.     

Kinematic analysis of the backstroke start: differences between backstroke specialists and non-specialists

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to clarify factors to perform the hole-entry technique in the backstroke start. A total of 16 well-trained Japanese competitive swimmers were divided into two groups (backstroke specialists and non-specialists) to compare their backstroke start motions. Their backstroke motions were videotaped, and two-dimensional co-ordinates for the swimmers were obtained from the video images using direct linear transformation methods. A non-paired t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test were used to analyse the statistical difference of the kinematic variables between the groups. Backstroke specialists showed a significantly shorter 5 m time (P = 0.009, effect size = –1.54), a significantly higher position of the toe (P = 0.010, effect size = 1.47) at signal and of the hip at toe-off (P = 0.002, effect size = 1.94), a significantly larger hip joint angle at toe-off (P = 0.007, effect size = 1.60) and a significantly higher angular velocities of the hip joints (45–85%; P < 0.05) for the normalised time as compared to that of non-specialists. An earlier initiation of the extension and the maintenance of a higher extension speed at the hip joints were important factors in achieving an arched-back posture, which facilitated and water entrance with a small entry range.     

一种改进的Richardson-Lucy正则化图像复原算法

运动模糊图像复原是模糊图像复原领域中的重要课题。首先,利用一种新的正则化方法有效估计了非参数运动模糊核。然后,在贝叶斯框架下,基于图像像素空间和梯度空间的统计特性,结合自然图像的梯度约束,提出了图像复原的改进RL正则化算法,有效抑制了复原图像中存在的振铃效应。实验结果表明,RL正则化算法在模糊核的估计存在误差时,依然能够得到较好的图像复原效果。     

意境说的道禅哲学渊源

中国古典美学中的意境说由情景交隔、虚实相生、动静相成、意在言外等四种美学范畴构成。其文化内涵源自道禅哲学中的“道德玄同，天人合一”，“有无相生”、“完全无妙有”、“无动而无不动”、“无言而无不言”、“不落言筌，不涉理路”等哲学理念。     

运用情感管理加强高校师资队伍建设

随着理性管理与人性管理的有机结合,情感管理成为管理理论时代发展的趋势。在时代高速发展变化的今天,高校管理者应该注重教师的发展变化,强调注重情感管理的方式来促进教师潜能的发挥,从而有效地提升高校管理的质量水平。     

结合速度和干扰观测的船舶路径跟踪模型预测控制

针对船舶路径跟踪控制中的舵角需优化﹑舵幅和舵速受约束等问题,提出模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)算法。为处理系统高阶状态值不易测量以及环境干扰问题,设计高阶非线性观测器,同时对船速和包含模型不确定项和外界干扰的总未知项进行估计。以引入舵机响应系统的MMG模型作为预测模型,不仅能提高预测精度,而且更符合船舶运动控制的实际情况。仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器在风浪流时变干扰下仍能跟踪参考路径,舵角幅值小且其变化是光滑的,速度值和总未知项也均能被准确地逼近,验证了所提算法的有效性。     

Particle contamination, the disruption of electronic connectors in the signal transmission system

Particle pollution in air, also sometimes known as fine dust contamination, may cause electric contact failure. Recent research further proved that the fine particle is becoming a major disruption of the electronic connectors in signal transmission system. This paper specifies the connector contact in mobile phone application. To study the contact failure of mobile phone, a series of inspections and analytical research methods are introduced. Special features that cause the contact failure are summarized. Particle accumulation is the main problem; organic material such as lactates from sweat of the human body may act as adhesives to stick the separate particles together and make them adhere on the contact surface; chemical properties of dust cause serious local corrosion. The corrosion products may trap the particles and firmly attach on the contact surface; micro motion frequently occurs at the contact interface. Hard particle can be embedded into the surface, and soft particle could be squeezed and inserted into the contact; silicon compounds in dust play the most important role in forming high resistance regions that lead to failure; deposition of particles depends on the amount of materials, static electricity attracting force and gravity force applied on the particles. Current dust test can hardly reflect the serious contact failure. It is difficult to simulate the complexity of contact failure caused by particle contamination. Thus alternative ways of simulation experiment and improvement of contact reliability are proposed.     

典型矮塔斜拉桥地震风险概率评估方法研究

鉴于矮塔斜拉桥受力性能的特殊性,引入增量动力分析（IDA）和拉丁超立方体抽样（LHS）评估该结构在地震激励下发生损伤的风险概率。首先采用LHS考虑桥梁构件材料的随机性,与事先选取的地震波相结合形成桥梁-地震动样本集合;其次在确定桥梁有限元模型主要构件损伤指标的基础上采用基于蒙特卡罗（MC）抽样的IDA进行地震易损性分析和地震风险概率评估。为验证方法的正确性和有效性,对一预应力混凝土独塔双索面矮塔斜拉桥结构模型进行地震风险概率评估,结果表明:该方法既充分考虑了材料和地震输入双重随机性又避免了繁琐的积分过程,同时也提高了工程计算的效率及精度。