公孙龙《坚白论》辨析

本文通过坚、白、石的问题,分析了公孙龙关于人的感官与感知对象的关系,感官自身的局限,以及感官与“神”的关系等问题,反映了战国末期,思想家对认知问题的普遍关注。     

The lower body muscle activation of intermediate to experienced kayakers when navigating white water

In white-water kayaking, the legs play a vital part in turning, stabilising and bracing actions. To date, there has been no reported information on neuromuscular activation of the legs in an authentic white-water environment. The aim of the current study was to identify lower body muscle activation, using ‘in-boat’ electromyography (EMG), whilst navigating a white-water run. Ten experienced male kayakers (age 31.5?±?12.5 yr, intermediate to advanced experience) completed three successful runs of an international standard white-water course (grade 3 rapids), targeting right and left sides of the course, in a zigzag formation. Surface EMG (sEMG) outputs were generated, bilaterally, for the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis, biceps femoris and gastrocnemius, expressed as a percentage of a dynamic maximal voluntary contraction (dMVC). Only RF showed significantly higher activation than any muscle on the left side of the body, and only on the left side of the course (P?=?.004; ETA²?=?0.56). Other results showed no significant difference between muscle activation in the right and left legs during each run, nor when assessed at either the right or left side of the course (P?>?.05). These findings indicate that contralateral symmetry in lower limb muscle activation is evident during white-water kayaking. This symmetry may provide a stable base to allow more asymmetrical upper body and trunk movements to be fully optimised. Lower body symmetry development should be considered useful in targeted training programmes for white-water kayakers.     

模糊白化灰色关联理论在设计评价中的应用

由于设计方案评价指标存在着模糊性和不确定性,在编制设计方案评选办法时,利用层次分析法确定各个评价指标的相对权重;设计方案评价所涉及的信息大部分属于不确定量,具有模糊性,且各因素间并非具有数量上的确定关系,信息的可知性差,具有灰色性,针对该特点,文章建立了基于模＃糊白化灰色关联理论的设计方案评价模型,并利用该模型对具体工程设计方案进行评价,结果显示该评价简便实用,客观准确.     

土壤有机质分组方法研究进展评述

土壤有机质包含各种各样的功能库,其功能库有特定的稳定机制及周转速率,目前已经有许多分离和分析土壤有机质组分的方法．土壤有机质分组方法一般可分为物理分组和化学分组方法,将这两种方法相结合是今后研究的重点．活性土壤有机质可通过土壤微生物量、轻组有机质和颗粒有机质来表达．不同分组方法分离出的组分具有不同物理化学性质,使土壤有机质的稳定性不同,但所分离出的有机质组分不是组成和结构均一的化合物,而是具有某一特性的一类化合物的混合物．至今为止．所有用于分离有机质组分的方法仍然无法产生同质或功能相似的土壤有机质库,无法体现土壤特定的稳定机制．今后还需通过结合微生物标记、同位素标记等方法,从异质组分中区分出功能组分,这也将是土壤有机质分组未来研究的方向．     

3D displacement measurement by white light digital image analysis in frequency domination area

In this paper, white light digital image analysis in frequency domination area for measuring 3D displacement is put forward. The measuring system has the characteristics of wholefield, non-contact and omnibearing measurement. It is simple and the coherent light is not demanded. Gray images before and after deformation are recorded using two CCDs at two different shooting angles, then digitalized and analyzed by frequency domination correlation arithmetic. The 2D displacement obtained is used to formulate 3D displacement via mathematical transformation, The experimental plate is 40 mm in length, 30 mm in width and 10 mm in height. The definite displacement is given using a 3D precise adjusting frame. The 3D displacement is calculated and compared with the definite displacement. The error is 4%-11% and the availability of this method was certified. Using this method, the compression deformation of a thin-wall cylinder with 140 mm in height, 64 mm in inner diameter and 64,6 mm in external diameter, was also measured. This method is proper to measure dynamic deformation.     

Unveiling the Colours of Cellulose Nitrate Black and White Film-based Negatives in Colonial Photography

ABSTRACT

Aiming at contributing to the preservation of black and white (B&W) film-based negatives held by Portuguese archives, four photographic collections from the first half of the twentieth century were selected for study. During the macro assessment of the collections the preservation condition and hues found in photographic negatives from the Elmano Cunha e Costa (ECC) were noticed, distinguishing this collection from the remaining ones. Additional attention was given considering that the ECC collection was formed in a colonial context in the 1930s, while the others were formed on the Portugal mainland. The ECC collection results from an ethnographic survey of Angolan tribes recorded with B&W film-based negatives. In this collection, sets of negatives with pink, lemon yellow, greenish, orange brownish, and red brownish hues were found. To identify the origin of such hues, the image layer was analysed by microscale energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (μ EDXRF) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Additionally, to assess the base decay and its effect on the formation of hues, the plastic supports were characterized by Fourier transform infrared microscopy (μ FTIR). To complement the assessment of the film-base decay, pH was measured by using combined microelectrodes. The identification of mercury, iodine, chromium, and iron by μ EDXRF allowed correlation of the hues found in the negatives with chemical corrective treatments performed to improve the image quality. SEM-EDX confirmed those results and proved that the elements found were in the photographic emulsion layer. The results obtained are relevant since the hues identified may now be used as markers to indicate the technical work performed on colonial photography. Additionally, the visual and molecular assessment of the negatives’ supports (good to fair condition) allow proposing that the original storage conditions may have had a beneficial contribution to their present condition.     

中国白酒酒名的语言特点分析

通过对搜集到的800个白酒酒名进行分析,从语言的角度看,酒名在专名与通名的组合方式、音节选择、词汇语义选择、修辞选择、语法结构选择上都有其特点。这些特点体现出白酒命名存在一定的规律,鲜活地承载着中国独特的白酒文化。     

河南非物质文化遗产保护开发利用研究

我省各族人民在长期生产生活实践中创造丰富多彩的非物质文化遗产,是中原文化的根基和重要组成部分,是各民族智慧与文明的结晶,是连结民族情感的纽带.保护和利用好我省非物质文化遗产,对于促进河南的经济建设、社会发展和对外文化交流,以及对落实科学发展观,实现社会的全面、协调和可持续发展都具有重要意义.     

不同玉米中脂肪酸成分的比较分析

以辽宁地区3种玉米为原料,采用索氏提取的方法提取3种玉米油,对3种玉米油进行甲酯化处理,以气相色谱－质谱联用仪进行了分析．3种玉米油的产率分别为：黄玉米4．85％、白玉米3．25％、黑玉米6．7％．分析结果表明,黄玉米脂肪油中鉴定出9种脂肪酸,占黄玉米脂肪油的93．97％,其中不饱和脂肪酸占72．56％;黑玉米脂肪油中鉴定出7种脂肪酸,占黑玉米脂肪油的89．78％,其中不饱和脂肪酸占80．56％;白玉米脂肪油中鉴定出6种脂肪酸,占白玉米脂肪油的76．34％,其中不饱和脂肪酸占62．61％．     

从黑色发展到绿色发展的范式转型

人类社会相继经历的原始文明、农业文明、工业文明与生态文明四种文明形态,对应着无色（虚无）发展、黄色发展、黑色发展、绿色发展四种发展范式。绿色发展是生态文明下以低消耗、低排放与高效率为特质的新型可持续发展道路,是人类社会面对全球经济危机、资源短缺危机和环境气候危机的必然选择。从黑色发展范式到绿色发展范式的转换,需要实现“五位一体”的转型：发展主体由“单一理性经济人”向“双重理性经济人”转型;发展目标导向由“只注重经济发展数量,不注重经济发展质量”向“优先注重经济发展质量,同时兼顾经济发展数量”转型,发展模式由“低成本竞争、高资源环境代价”向“高成本竞争、低资源环境代价”转型,发展过程由“线性强物质化过程”向“非线性弱物质化过程”转型,发展路径由“黑色工业化、黑色城市化与黑色现代化”向“绿色工业化、绿色城市化与绿色现代化”转型。