Degradation of lead-based pigments by salt solutions

Interactions of lead-based pigments with a number of inorganic salts, one of the most dangerous degradation agents of wall paintings, were studied under laboratory conditions. The results were used to interpret colour changes observed in 11th century frescoes from the church of Saint George in Kostoľany pod Tríbečom, the oldest preserved wall paintings in Slovakia. Interactions of selected pigments (lead white, massicot, red lead) with different salt solutions were performed within long-term laboratory experiments. We used a selection of naturally occurring salts (Na₂SO₄, MgSO₄, CaSO₄, NaCl, NaNO₃, Ca(NO₃)₂, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃ and urea) and, additionally, a range of synthetic salts that are often applied to the wall paintings during their cleaning and conservation (NaHCO₃, KHCO₃, (NH₄)₂CO₃, NH₄HCO₃). The reaction products were identified by X-ray powder diffraction. Red lead (Pb₃O₄) has a tendency to darken in all salt solutions containing dissolved atmospheric CO₂ due to disproportionation to plattnerite (PbO₂) and cerussite (PbCO₃). Massicot (PbO) in a wet state reacts with atmospheric CO₂ to form hydrocerussite and finally cerussite. Lead white (PbCO₃ and Pb₂CO₃(OH)₂) reacts with sulphates, carbonates and chlorides to form their respective salts in high yield and, sometimes, without any apparent colour change. Samples taken from the dark brown parts of the wall paintings in Saint George's church were analysed using laboratory X-ray powder microdiffraction. The presence of hydrocerussite, cerussite, plattnerite and lead magnesium carbonate was revealed. According to the results of laboratory experiments, the original lead-based pigment of the now darkened parts was red lead.     

《日本体育白皮书》解读

2006年版的《日本体育白皮书》主要包括日本参加体育活动人口动向、体育设施与环境、体育俱乐部、体育人力资源、竞技体育的现状与课题、体育振兴的财源、体育信息与传媒、大型体育赛事与体育振兴计划、体育行政制度、体育法律等内容．通过对该书的解读．以期为我国体育的发展提供参考和借鉴。     

Flavourzyme风味酶水解鸭蛋蛋清研究

利用Flavourzyme风味酶水解鸭蛋蛋清，测定其不同水解度水解产物的特性，包括水溶性、热稳定性和乳化性。结果表明：随着加入酶水平的提高和反应时间延长，水解度不断增加；水解物的可溶性氮含量随水解度的增加而增高，受到溶液pH变化影响逐步减小；水解物的热稳定性增加；蛋清蛋白经过适度的水解，其乳化性稍有增加，但是随着水解度的增大，乳化性降低。     

新大陆与旧世界对早期福克纳的不同接受

福克纳作品中新颖、引人入胜而又富于异国情调的主题和原始主义的哲学观念,对于促使欧洲人阅读他的作品、欣赏他的作品起了不容忽视的作用。在欧洲发生的一系列重大事件加深了欧洲人对现代文明的失望,促使他们要转向欧洲之外去寻求那些主题和哲学观念能吸引他们、能令他们产生共鸣的文学作品。所有这些因素综合在一起,有助于我们解释福克纳在欧洲的鸿运。     

明代中日武术文化渗透带来的武道变革

主要采用历史资料考察的方法,探讨明代中日武术文化在相互渗透的过程中对本国武道的影响。研究认为:明代是中日两国文化交流的兴盛时期,武术的相互渗透,有效促进了各自武道的发展。日本的刀法对中国刀法有一定影响,而中国武术对日本空手道和柔道的形成起到了决定性作用。     

论福克纳笔下沃许悲剧形象的寓意

文章结合南方的历史与文化,对福克纳小说中处于社会底层的穷白人沃许悲剧形象做了全面而较为深刻的分析,指出福克纳通过塑造这一人物形象,一方面对以沃许为代表的南方穷白人手存状况给予深切的同情与关注;另一方面致力于人生哲理的思考：即,人要成为真正意义上的“人”,就必须享有人的尊严,必须有人生正确的信仰,而这一点正是小说《沃许》主人公形象的寓意之所在。     

论湛甘泉对陈白沙的继承与扬弃

湛甘泉是以陈白沙为代表的江门学派的无可争议的传人。他不但继承了陈白沙的学说。亦修正和发展了陈白沙的学说,把陈白沙的“心具万理万物”、“虚明静一”、“以自然为宗”的理论,修正、发展成为“万事万物莫非心”、“动静一心”、“以自然为至”。     

Whiteness feels good here: interrogating white nationalist rhetoric on Stormfront

ABSTRACT

This essay adopts a critical rhetorical perspective attuned to affect to investigate white nationalist rhetoric on Stormfront, a popular white nationalist message board. My analysis illuminates how Stormfront attempts to appeal to mainstream white audiences by resisting normative expectations and affects articulated with white supremacy and (re)constructing white nationalism as a formation of white racial consciousness articulated with communal belonging, common sense, and pride. On Stormfront, affect is mobilized discursively to challenge colorblindness, construct rhetorical distance between white nationalism and white supremacy, and strategically negotiate white (dis)comfort with direct discourse on race to compel affective investments in white nationalism.     

跑台运动对肥胖大鼠脂肪组织MSTN和ActRⅡB基因表达的影响

摘要 目的：观察跑台运动对高脂膳食诱导肥胖大鼠白色脂肪组织（WAT）和棕色脂肪组织（BAT）内肌肉合成抑制因子（myostatin,MSTN）信号通路的影响。方法：60只健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和高脂膳食组,分别喂养普通饲料和高脂饲料,8周后分别筛选16只普通大鼠和16只肥胖大鼠,随机分为安静对照组（SC,n=8）、运动对照组（EC,n=8）、安静肥胖组（SO,n=8）和运动肥胖组（EO,n=8）。EC和EO组以21 m/min速度进行跑台训练,同时SC和SO组置于静止跑台,自由活动,每次1 h,每周5次,持续8周。测定大鼠体重、血清内甘油三酯（TG）、胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）水平,分离大鼠肾周脂肪和睾周脂肪作为WAT,肩胛区脂肪作为BAT,称重。采用RT-PCR分别检测WAT和BAT内MSTN和ActRⅡB的mRNA水平。结果：1. 与SC组比较,EC组体重显著降低（P<0.05）,BAT质量极显著增加（P<0.01）,HDL水平显著增加（P<0.05）;SO组体重、WAT、TC水平极显著增加（P<0.01）,TG、LDL水平显著性增加（P<0.05）,HDL水平显著性降低（P<0.05）;与SO组比较,EO组体重、WAT、TG水平显著降低（P<0.05）。2. 在WAT内,与SC组比较,EC组ActRⅡB极显著性降低（P<0.01）,SO组MSTN极显著性增加（P<0.01）;与SO组比较,EO组MSTN、ActRⅡB表达极显著性降低（P<0.01）。在BAT内,与SC组比较,EC组MSTN极显著性增加（P<0.01）、而ActRⅡB极显著性降低（P<0.01）,同时SO组ActRⅡB也极显著性降低（P<0.01）;与SO组比较,EO组MSTN、ActRⅡB极显著性增加（P<0.01）。结论：8周跑台运动可能通过MSTN信号通路调节高脂膳食诱导肥胖大鼠WAT和BAT质量变化。     

Content,Joseph Schwab and German Didaktik

This article attempts to extend and deepen the conversation concerning the knowledge-based approach to curriculum espoused by Michael Young in his 2013 JCS paper through revisiting the structure of the disciplines thinking of Joseph Schwab and German Didaktik. It argues that curriculum making requires a theory of knowledge that not only differentiates different types of knowledge but also elucidates the concepts, theories, methods and habits of mind within a particular knowledge type that contribute to the cultivation of students’ intellectual and moral powers or capacities. Furthermore, it needs a theory of content that addresses how knowledge is selected and transformed into curriculum content, what educational potential content has, and how such potential can be disclosed or unlocked for the cultivation.