论刑事诉讼中的“举证责任”——我国与英美法系国家“举证责任”理论之比较

由于诉讼模式和历史习惯的差异,各国法学家关于"举证责任"的观点大相径庭。通过从实体和程序两个方面对我国和英美法系国家的"举证责任"的理论进行比较,力图对我国"举证责任"的理论和立法技术起到借鉴作用。     

现代西方思潮臆评

对待西方现代思潮应注意三条原则:第一,从人类认识发展和具体的社会历史背景考察其产生和发展的理由与根据,目的在于认识其现实性与非现实性;第二,既要"钻进去"又要"跳出来",将揭露其总体性的谬误和改造吸收其部分的合理性辩证统一起来,防止全盘否定论和全盘肯定论两种片面性;第三,具体问题具体分析,对西方思潮予以辩证的扬弃,批判的改造,以便为我所用。     

One hundred and fifty years of sprint and distance running – Past trends and future prospects

Sprint and distance running have experienced remarkable performance improvements over the past century. Attempts to forecast running performances share an almost similarly long history but have relied so far on relatively short data series. Here, we compile a comprehensive set of season-best performances for eight Olympically contested running events. With this data set, we conduct (1) an exponential time series analysis and (2) a power-law experience curve analysis to quantify the rate of past performance improvements and to forecast future performances until the year 2100. We find that the sprint and distance running performances of women and men improve exponentially with time and converge at yearly rates of 4% ± 3% and 2% ± 2%, respectively, towards their asymptotic limits. Running performances can also be modelled with the experience curve approach, yielding learning rates of 3% ± 1% and 6% ± 2% for the women's and men's events, respectively. Long-term trends suggest that: (1) women will continue to run 10–20% slower than men, (2) 9.50 s over 100 m dash may only be broken at the end of this century and (3) several middle- and long-distance records may be broken within the next two to three decades. The prospects of witnessing a sub-2 hour marathon before 2100 remain inconclusive. Our results should be interpreted cautiously as forecasting human behaviour is intrinsically uncertain. The future season-best sprint and distance running performances will continue to scatter around the trends identified here and may yield unexpected improvements of standing world records.     

Alterations in autonomic cardiac modulation in response to normobaric hypoxia

Purpose: The present study aimed to determine if autonomic cardiac modulation was influenced by acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia. Method: Ten healthy male lowland dwellers completed five block-randomised single-blinded, crossed-over acute exposures to a normobaric hypoxic environment, each separated by 24 hours’ recovery (20.3%, 17.4%, 14.5%, 12.0% and 9.8% F_IO₂). Supine recordings were made of arterial oxygen saturation and electrocardiogram (ECG). RR intervals from the ECG trace were analysed for time (SDNN, lnrMSSD), frequency (lnVLF, lnLF, lnHF, lnTP, LFnu, and HFnu), and nonlinear (DFA-α1 and SampEn) heart rate variability components. Results: A significant reduction in arterial SaO₂ occurred with reduced F_IO₂, along with a rise in heart rate (Cohen’s d?=?1.16, 95% Confidence Interval [2.64–6.46]), significant at 9.8% F_IO₂. A decrease in autonomic cardiac modulation was also found as shown by a statistically significant (at 9.8% F_IO₂) decrease in lnTP (d?=?1.84 [1.74–1.94]), and SampEn (d?=?0.98 [0.83–1.12]) and an increase in DFA-α₁ (d?=?0.72 [0.60–0.84]) from normoxia at 9.8% F_IO₂. Conclusion: The decrease in variability indicated a reduction in autonomic cardiac modulation. There appears to be a threshold ～9.8% F_IO₂ (～6000?m equiv.), below which significant alterations in autonomic control occur.     

历史研究是一切社会科学的基础

2018年1月3日,中国历史研究院成立。习近平总书记代表党中央致信祝贺。贺信特别强调了历史研究的重要价值。历史研究之所以重要,是因为“世界的今天是从世界的昨天发展而来的。     

法院审判制度的行政化现象及其克服

我国法院的诸多审判制度都存在着明显的行政化现象，这不符合司法审判的规律和特点。逐步取消或淡化审判中的行政性制度及做法，是当前司法改革的重要内容和目标之一。     

如何建立城镇国土基础地理信息系统

阐述了城镇国土基础地理信息系统的设计内容、总体设计的基本原则、功能、分类与编码以及系统运行的环境和特点，对合理规划、开发和利用国土资源，促进国民经济的可持续发展，改善全球环境有着十分重要的意义。     

小良水土流失中气候水文因素影响的灰色分析

小良地区过去是一个典型的水土流失区，现在已基本上得到了有效的治理，为了使小良能保持可持续发展，我们必须要认真研究导致水土流失的主要因素——气候水文因素，避免历史的悲剧重演。在简要分析水土流失的成因及地形地势、岩土性质、森林植被等因素对水土流失的影响的基础上，进一步运用灰色理论对气候水文这个主要因素对水土流失的影响进行了相关度的分析，突出气候水文因素对水土流失影响的重要地位。     

成人高教英语课程教学内容体系改革的研究与实践

成人高等教育是中国高等教育的重要组成部分,成人高等教育的教学改革是中国高等教育改革的重点之一。英语教学是成人高等教育的有机组成部分,因此,加强对成人高等教育英语课程体系的研究,大力改革和发展成人高等英语教育的教学方法,合理调整和更新教学内容,建设开放的、动态的、适应经济社会成人发展的成人高等教育英语课程体系成为必然。