To have or to be? The interplay between knowledge structure and market identity in knowledge-based alliance formation

We explore how a firm’s knowledge structure characteristics and market identity—as reflected in its position in the industry value chain and market status—influence knowledge-based alliance (KBA) formation. We propose that a firm’s propensity to form KBAs is affected by the congruence (or misalignment) between its knowledge structure characteristics (i.e., knowledge depth and scope) and the role it plays in the industry, as demanded by its position in the value chain. We further argue that while a firm’s market status can amplify the positive effect of the congruence, thereby enhancing a firm’s proclivity to form KBAs, being prominent can also hurt a firm when it faces a misalignment between its knowledge structure characteristics and externally induced expectations related to its value chain position. We validate our arguments using panel data on 1051 firm-year observations for 197 firms patenting in the global fuel cell industry for the period 1999–2009. By developing a richer understanding of the relationship between a firm’s knowledge-based resources and KBA formation, we answer the call for a better understanding of how and when firms can leverage their internal knowledge configurations to improve their proclivity to form alliances.     

Intellectual property rights,trade agreements,and international trade

The global process of strengthening and harmonization of intellectual property rights (IPRs) systems has been intensified in the last twenty five years by the signing of trade agreements (TAs) that include chapters with intellectual property (IP) provisions and other trade-related issues. This paper provides a first exploration of whether and how the signing of TAs with IP chapters influences bilateral trade flows for a balanced panel of 110 countries and the period 1995–2013. We address methodological issues related to the assessment of the effect of TAs on bilateral trade. We use matching econometrics to evaluate the treatment of TAs with and without IP chapters. In addition, we estimate the effects of TAs on bilateral trade in a more dynamic fashion using a panel data approach based on the gravity model. Also, we perform our analysis for trade in low- and high-IP intensive products. We found that both types of TAs increase bilateral trade but TAs with no IPRs chapters have a stronger positive effect on trade. However, if we include lags to consider that TAs with IP chapters might need a longer implementation time, the net expected increase on trade is similar for both types of TAs. We also found that the effects depend on the development level of countries and on the IP intensity of products. We found a clear positive effect for developed countries, but we do not observe important gains for developing countries in all sectors and to all destinations derived from TAs with IP chapters. This raises the question of whether trade gains can compensate the effort related with IP reforms.     

Innovation and business survival: A long-term approach

This paper explores the influence of innovation on the probability of survival of two hundred top British firms founded throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. To this end, we have collected the firms’ significant innovations and classified them by Schumpeterian types, patented and non-patented and domestic and imported. The number of patents registered by the firms throughout their lifetime ?a rough measure of their incremental innovation activity– has also been recorded. In addition, twelve control variables ?five characteristics of the firms and seven of their business leaders– have been included. Both log-normal and gamma duration models have been used in the analysis. They have been estimated, firstly for the whole set of firms and, secondly, for the manufacturing and the service firms separately to control for industry differences. The results of the log-normal and gamma estimations are highly coincident, with some nuances. The significant innovations ?particularly new processes, non-patented and domestic ones– have been found to positively influence the probability of business survival. The number of patent applications seems to increase the survival probability of the manufacturing firms, but not of the service ones. Among the control variables, the firm’s size, its international dimension, and the age of the business leader at entry seem to be the most influential ones on business survival, although there are some differences between manufacturing and services. The main results are robust to the division of the sample by entry period.     

Innovation intermediaries and collaboration: Knowledge–based practices and internal value creation

This paper analyses how knowledge-based practices adopted by innovation intermediaries enable them to generate value for themselves when collaborating with their clients. While the literature focuses on value creation for their client organisations, little is known about how innovation intermediaries create internal value even though this is essential for ensuring their long-term survival and sustaining their key facilitating role in the innovation system. This understudied issue is explored using empirical evidence from a sub-set of innovation intermediaries, Research and Technology Organisations (RTOs). The results indicate that by capitalising on existing knowledge vested in employees and collaborators as well as understanding and shaping the knowledge base of the innovation ecosystem, innovation intermediaries generate internal value from their involvement in collaborative innovation, which range from different financial to non-financial types of value. Implications for intermediaries, their collaborators and for policymakers are then discussed.     

用Multisim10提升电子技术实验教学水平

通过实例介绍Muhisim10在电子技术验证类实验、设计类实验中的应用,举例说明了Multisim10中虚拟仪器的应用.体现了将计算机仿真软件Multisim10引入电子技术实验教学中,切实提高了电子技术实验教学的水平.     

新课程背景下高一化学基础知识教学研究

作为高中的起始年段,高一化学对整个高中化学的学习影响深远。在新课程背景下,要解决好高一氧化还原、元素周期律、物质的量等重要理论知识和庞大、零散的元素化合物知识的教学,应加强教材和学情研究,坚持以学案为中心的课堂教学策略,并重视实验教学和学生规范解题与自省习惯的养成。     

东盟国家间金融合作的现状与发展对策

通过分析全球金融危机发生以来中国与东盟国家的经济形势,阐述了当前中国与东盟国家在金融合作方面的进展及存在问题,提出在2010年中国—东盟自由贸易区运作前后,该区域应当加强以新加坡及其货币为"领头羊"的金融合作,健全银行跨国经营体系,明确各国政府的责任与义务。     

秋季可吸入颗粒物的污染特征研究——以北京市石景山区为例

分析了北京市石景山区秋季PM10质量浓度的变化特征,发现气候变化对PM10质量浓度有很大影响。利用带能谱的扫描电镜（SEM／EDX）分析了PM10的微观形貌特征,区分出矿物颗粒、燃煤飞灰、烟尘集合体、超细颗粒物和未知颗粒物等五种成分,并对所采样品中的矿物颗粒成分进行了分析。石景山区PM10污染呈燃煤污染、机动车尾气污染和扬尘污染的复合污染特征。     

带有扰动项的拟渐近线性椭圆方程正能量解的存在性

在H10,k（Ω）空间中研究了一类带有扰动项的拟渐近线性椭圆方程问题非负弱解的存在性,利用一种山路引理的变形,证明了当h（x）和f（x,u）满足一定条件时,其正能量解u在H10,k（Ω）空间中是存在的.     

基于粗糙集对个案男子1万m跑成绩的分析与预测

运用文献资料、专家访谈和粗糙集权重确定等方法,对1999-2005年甘肃省体工队中长跑队员训练和比赛中的最好成绩进行粗糙集权重分析,结果表明:影响10000 m成绩的关键指标是公路10 km和周弓箭步总量;并且从属性决策中得出了5条确定性预测规则.目的在于教练员依据运动员的成绩发展水平提供一个科学训练的方法和手段,为教练员最优控制训练过程提供有效参考.