R&D co-operation and innovation a microeconometric study on French firms

The scope of this paper is to report new empirical evidence on the determinants of R&D co-operation. Indeed, the literature on the capabilities of firms emphasises the role of knowledge in the performance and evolution of firms who use knowledge developed in others to build their own knowledge capital. R&D co-operation between firms is one of the many strategies by which this knowledge may be transmitted. Several theoretical models have stressed that R&D co-operation is more likely when the level of spillovers is high. While this supposition is used in many theoretical models, it has rarely been tested before. Our results do not lend strong support to this intuition. Indeed, our spillover variables (national pure spillovers, national rent spillovers and imports of machine tools), which were supposed to match the theoretical notion of spillovers used in these theoretical models have a positive but not a significant role when explaining R&D co-operation. The R&D co-operation increases with size and with R&D intensity, but not with market share. It also increases with the budget spent on paying license fees and on acquiring patents and labour from foreign firms. In this study, we also analyse the determinants of innovation. In more precise terms, we compare the effects of R&D co-operation to those played by traditional internal factors and those exerted by external, pure and rent spillovers on the innovation capacity of the firms. Our results show that the commercial success of innovations of French firms depends mainly on size, market share, R&D intensity and human capital. Inward FDI from industrialised countries exerts a positive and significant effect. The finding highlights the important role of the absorptive capacity of firms. Spillover measurements, such as the acquisition of machine tools, foreign patents, licenses, and technological opportunities have a positive impact on innovation.     

微型打印机在单片机系统中的应用

微型打印机是各种智能化仪表、仪器及各种单片机系统的重要输出设备。本文介绍应用89C51单片机控制微型打印机实现打印功能的设计和实现方法,并给出89C51单片机控制微型打印机的硬件设计及其C语言软件的实现。     

网上银行B2C电子支付系统的设计

本文探讨了设计网上银行支付系统所需要的安全技术,对支付系统的安全性进行了研究,设计了支付系统应具备的功能,设计了系统模型和流程,给出了一种网上银行B2C电子支付系统的安全、可靠,便捷的解决方案.     

The innovative performance of in-house and contracted R&D in terms of patents and utility models

The standard empirical framework for analysing the R&D-patents relationship is widened both by examining the different role of in-house and contracted R&D in the innovative performance of firms, and by considering patents and utility models counts as measures of innovation output. Patents and utility models are considered to approximate for significant and incremental innovations, respectively. Applying count data econometrics to a panel data set of Spanish manufacturing firms surveyed in the period 1990-1996, a transcendental production function is estimated, which allows for non-constant elasticities of the R&D inputs. The results indicate that significant innovations are mainly gestated in-house, whereas contracted R&D seems more orientated towards innovations of incremental nature.     

藤麻(荨麻科)的一个新异名

根据对Elatostema gagnepainianum H. Schröter模式材料的研究,为它指定了后选模式,并将其处理为藤麻Procris crenata C. B. Robinson的新异名。     

Knowledge-relatedness in firm technological diversification

This paper claims that knowledge-relatedness is a key factor in affecting firms’ technological diversification. The hypothesis is tested that firms extend the range of their innovative activities in a non-random way. Specifically, we test the extent to which firms diversify their innovative activities across related technological fields, i.e. fields that share a common knowledge base and rely upon common heuristics and scientific principles. The paper proposes an original measure of knowledge-relatedness, using co-classification codes contained in patent documents, and examines the patterns of technological diversification of the whole population of firms from the United States, Italy, France, UK, Germany, and Japan patenting to the European Patent Office from 1982 to 1993. Robust evidence is found that knowledge-relatedness is a major feature of firms’ innovative activities.     

Habilitationsverfahren; Gutachten; Beweiswürdigung

Der Umstand, dass fünf Gutachten zum Ergebnis gelangt seien, die im Habilitationsverfahren vorgelegten Arbeiten würden die wissenschaftliche Qualifikation des Habilitanden iSd § 28 Abs 5 UOG 1993 erweisen, w?hrend nur eines eine gegenteilige Auffassung vertrete, besagt für sich nichts über die inhaltliche Richtigkeit der einen oder der anderen Auffassung. Eine Bindung der Beh?rde an die "klare Mehrheit" der in den eingeholten Gutachten vertretenen Auffassung besteht nicht. Vielmehr ist iSd § 45 Abs 2 des im Habilitationsverfahren anzuwendenden AVG der im Wege der Beweiswürdigung zu ermittelnde "innere Wahrheitsgehalt" der Ergebnisse des Beweisverfahrens ma?geblich, wobei die bei der Beweiswürdigung ma?gebenden Erw?gungen in der Begründung des Bescheides klar und übersichtlich zusammenzufassen sind.     

基于交-交变频技术实现异步电动机重载起动的研究

为解决异步电动机重载起动存在的不足,提出了一种以80C196KC DSP为控制技术的交-交变频系统的实现方法.该方法具有起动电流小、启动转矩大、启动平滑、运行稳定、控制效果好的特点,详细阐述系统主电路及控制部分的原理和实现方法.     

《儿子与情人》蕴涵的哲学观

D．H．劳伦斯的小说映射出他的哲学观,但其随笔和信函更直接和更真实地表征了他的哲学思想。他的哲学观与古希腊哲学家赫拉克利特的观点相应和,把世界的本原喻为永恒变化、燃烧着的火,不仅象征着宇宙间普遍存在的对立统一原则和发展变化规律,而且象征着人性的本能,其自传体小说《儿子与情人》较好地表征了该观点。