Development and implementation of a three-dimensional (3D) printing elective course for health science students

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has become more affordable, accessible, and relevant in healthcare, however, the knowledge of transforming medical images to physical prints still requires some level of training. Anatomy educators can play a pivotal role in introducing learners to 3D printing due to the spatial context inherent to learning anatomy. To bridge this knowledge gap and decrease the intimidation associated with learning 3D printing technology, an elective was developed through a collaboration between the Department of Anatomy and the Makers Lab at the University of California, San Francisco. A self-directed digital resource was created for the elective to guide learners through the 3D printing workflow, which begins with a patient's computed tomography digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) file to a physical 3D printed model. In addition to practicing the 3D printing workflow during the elective, a series of guest speakers presented on 3D printing applications they utilize in their clinical practice and/or research laboratories. Student evaluations indicated that their intimidation associated with 3D printing decreased, the clinical and research topics were directly applicable to their intended careers, and they enjoyed the autonomy associated with the elective format. The elective and the associated digital resource provided students with the foundational knowledge of 3D printing, including the ability to extract, edit, manipulate, and 3D print from DICOM files, making 3D printing more accessible. The aim of disseminating this work is to help other anatomy educators adopt this curriculum at their institution.     

Digital body preservation: Technique and applications

High-fidelity anatomical models can be produced with three-dimensional (3D) scanning techniques and as such be digitally preserved, archived, and subsequently rendered through various media. Here, a novel methodology—digital body preservation—is presented for combining and matching scan geometry with radiographic imaging. The technique encompasses joining layers of 3D surface scans in an anatomical correct spatial relationship. To do so, a computed tomography (CT) volume is used as template to join and merge different surface scan geometries by means of nonrigid registration into a single environment. In addition, the use and applicability of the generated 3D models in digital learning modalities is presented. Finally, as computational expense is usually the main bottleneck in extended 3D applications, the influence of mesh simplification in combination with texture mapping on the quality of 3D models was investigated. The physical fidelity of the simplified meshes was evaluated in relation to their resolution and with respect to key anatomical features. Large- and medium-scale features were well preserved despite extensive 3D mesh simplification. Subtle fine-scale features, particular in curved areas demonstrated the major limitation to extensive mesh size reduction. Depending on the local topography, workable mesh sizes ranging from 10% to 3% of the original size could be obtained, making them usable in various learning applications and environments.     

基于P-范分布下的三维激光点位误差分布检验

目前,在对三维激光点位误差模型进行推导的过程中,都是假设三维激光点位误差是服从正态分布的,而由于三维激光点位误差源与传统测量仪器中的误差源不同,同时外界环境对激光点位误差的影响也不相同,因此,不能直接断定点位误差服从正态分布,需要对其理论分析及数据统计分析验证。针对三维激光点位误差分布状况,本文对激光点位误差模型进行了推导,并通过大量数据统计分析验证了激光点位误差服从的分布状况。     

Government support for SME innovations in the regional industries: The case of government financial support program in South Korea

This study explores the impact of governmental support policies on the innovation of SMEs in the regional strategic industries in South Korea. We use the technological development assistance funds as a proxy for governmental support policies for SMEs in the regional industries in Korea. The innovation of SMEs is measured by technological innovation: patent, utility model, trademark, and new design registrations. Before empirically testing the impact of governmental support policies on the innovation of SMEs, this study reviews the literature concerning the innovation and the governmental support policies of SMEs in regional industries. Results from empirical models, which simultaneously control for factors which were thought to affect the innovation of regional SMEs, indicate that a positive relationship exists among the technological development assistance by the Korean government and patent acquisitions and new design registrations of regional SMEs. Networks with universities also have a positive relationship with patent acquisitions and new design registrations of regional SMEs. This study suggests there is an importance to governmental financial aids for regional SME innovations, and there is an importance to the need to build a strong social relationship in today's networked economy.     

Multinational subsidiary knowledge protection—Do mandates and clusters matter?

International knowledge spillovers, especially through multinational companies (MNCs), have recently been a major topic of academic and management debate. However, most studies treat MNC subsidiaries as relatively passive actors. We challenge this assumption by investigating the drivers of knowledge protection intensity of MNC subsidiaries. We argue that knowledge protection intensity is determined by MNC subsidiary mandates and by opportunities and risks originating from the host region. We hypothesize that not just competence-creating but also competence-exploiting mandates increase knowledge protection intensity. In addition, technological cluster regions in the host country can be expected to provide opportunities for knowledge sourcing and MNC subsidiaries may be willing to protect knowledge less intensively to participate in cluster networks. We test our hypotheses using a dataset of 694 observations of 631 MNC subsidiaries in Germany and develop recommendations for research, managers and policy makers.     

A dynamic auction for multi-object procurement under a hard budget constraint

This contribution revisits the problem of allocating R&D subsidies by government agencies. Typically, the applicants’ financial constraints are private information. The literature has recommended the use of auctions in order to reduce information rents and thus improve the efficiency of how scarce public funds are allocated. We propose a new open clock auction for this procurement problem. This auction is strategically simple, as it exhibits truthtelling in dominant strategies and satisfies ex-post rationality, while observing the budget constraint. We test the auction in Monte-Carlo simulation and discuss its applicability and limitations. Moreover, we highlight connections to recent advances in computer science.     

基于小微企业市场竞合主体的动态博弈

目前关于小微企业R D研究中,大都从政府行为角度出发,很少有涉及小微企业市场主体地位的分析。本文将小微企业作为市场竞合主体的重要组成部分进行了深入分析,认为小微企业作为市场竞合主体的R D路径,主要分为两类：(1)小微企业与大企业建立研发合作关系。根据技术研发价值链的关系,小微企业与大企业的合作关系又可以细分为三类。①研发阶段和产品阶段都合作;②研发阶段合作,产品阶段不合作;③研发阶段不合作,产品阶段合作。(2)小微企业之间通过构建研发合作联盟与大企业进行竞争。从而得出小微企业与大企业的R D合作收益大于独立R D收益;小微企业之间的R D合作是不稳定的。并对此提出一些合理建议。     

基于Noisy-or gate 和贝叶斯网络的研发项目风险评估方法

在没有充足样本数据时,为有效地管理各种风险,本文提出了一个全新的研发项目风险评估模型,这个模型主要是基于Noisy-or gate 和贝叶斯网络进行评估。该模型在贝叶斯网络节点满足构成Noisy-or gate模型的前提下,利用历史数据或专家判断得到有效的网络参数,进而推断出每一项风险因素发生的概率,结合风险影响权重得到综合风险影响值,并对比得到高风险因素,为风险管理提供依据。通过与AHP方法评估结果对比表明,该模型可以准确地评估研发项目的风险,从而提高风险管理的效率。     

三维图像重建中差异信息融合算法研究

针对三维图像重建中的差异信息融合算法识别率较低,稳定性差,无法有效处理不确定因素等弊端,提出一种新的三维图像重建差异信息融合算法,分析了二维图像和三维图像的一阶与二阶统计,对自相关函数进行归一化处理,将二维图像的自相关函数变成三维自相关函数,利用傅里叶变换求出三维图像的功率谱,通过调整合理的辐角塑造该三维图像的傅里叶转换。对三维图像重建过程中的特征向量进行划分,保证三维图像重建过程中全部信息的完整性。依据特征向量与信息之间的经验知识对学习样本进行建立,给出某一时间段内三维图像重建中某个神经网络对应的差异信息融合公式,对多个神经网络的差异信息融合结果进行融合,实现三维图像重建中差异信息的融合。仿真实验结果表明,所提算法具有很高的有效性。     

基于WebGL技术和Oak3D引擎的交互式三维地球模型研究

使用WebGL技术和Oak3D引擎对三维地球进行了模拟。该模型与平台无关,简便高效,使用简单,具有良好的Web交互性,不需要任何浏览器插件支持,对互联网时代的3D可视化实现具有一定的参考价值。