农民合作经济组织的发展与农业现代化

在实现农业现代化过程中，如何发展农业生产，保护农民利益，维护农村稳定，帮助各自为战的农户减少市场化经营的盲目性和风险，农民合作经济组织的发展是解决这些问题的有效途径。     

Research capacity for local innovation: the case of conservation agriculture in Ethiopia,Malawi and Mozambique

Purpose: The limited uptake of improved agricultural practices in Africa raise questions on the functionality of current agricultural research systems. Our purpose is to explore the capacity for local innovation within the research systems of Ethiopia, Malawi and Mozambique.

Design/methodology/approach: Using Conservation Agriculture (CA) as a case study, we qualitatively explore with 26 locally based agricultural researchers the context of CA research and promotion, including their perceptions on persistent research gaps and issues in closing them.

Findings: Respondents identified that CA was not yet a finished product, with concerns regarding the benefit, feasibility and relevance of CA implementation. They asserted that while further adaptation was required, they were unable to do this due to institutional constraints within their research, extension and policy contexts.

Practical implications: We find that CA continues to be considered a donor-driven intervention in its current form and requires substantial further adaptation to local contexts before researchers will deem it ready for farmer uptake. The five research gaps identified by respondents highlight practical areas where further adaptations must occur.

Theoretical implications: Our findings suggest a lack of participatory research and extension most likely reflects limited financial, human and social capital to implement more participatory approaches. Without addressing these capacities, widespread adoption of complex farming systems change appears unlikely.

Originality/Value: Whilst many studies have identified a need for local innovation to enable CA utilisation, few have qualitatively explored directly with local researchers the capacity of such systems to do so. We address this gap in the literature.     

基于问题解决能力提升的林学专业森林培育学实践教学改革——以河北农业大学为例

实践教学是将课堂理论教学成果转化为大学生实践技能的有效途径。文章以河北农业大学林学专业“森林培育学”教学实习为例,在问题诊断的基础上,从规范实习指导书、调整培养理念、改变培养模式、调整实习模式、丰富评价机制等方面,对“森林培育学”课程教学实习进行了改革,收到了良好的教学效果,在思想认识、实习内容丰富度、解决问题能力等方面都有较大提升,可为我校林业专业技能提升、林业教育等方面提供借鉴。     

Multi-stakeholder process strengthens agricultural innovations and sustainable livelihoods of farmers in Southern Nigeria

Purpose: In this paper, we explore the strategic role of Multi-stakeholder processes (MSP) in agricultural innovations and how it has impacted livelihood assets’ (LAs) capital dynamics of stakeholders in platforms in West Africa.

Design/Methodology/Approach: We demonstrate how LA capitals and socio-economic dynamics induced by MSP can enhance cassava production efficiency but also create opportunities and challenges that influence platform dynamics and impacts. We use a multistage sampling procedure and sustainable livelihood model (e.g. stochastic frontier functions and Tobit regression) to analyse LA capital dynamics of the stakeholders.

Findings: We showed that the LA of the MSP participants (0.72) was found to be significantly higher (χ²?=?3.732, p?Practical implications: We recommend the institutionalization of MSP in the Agricultural Research for Development (AR4D) with more extension follow-up services so as to adequately and appropriately unleash the potentials in social capital networks that enable the development, effective dissemination and adoption of agricultural innovations.

Theoretical implications: This study suggests that soft-transfer of technologies seems to dominate at MSP inception. But at maturity, the results of the struggle between researchers and farmers would lead to co-reaction and community-based research. Consequently, the knowledge and power dynamics that take place within the MSP should be considered the centre of co-construction and platform dynamics.

Originality/Values: The study provided a practical experience on how MSP can be institutionalized in the AR4D programmes to support agricultural innovation systems and foster pro-poor growth and livelihoods.     

教育:解决"三农"问题的基石

农业、农民、农村问题是当代中国经济和社会发展的突出问题,其发展状况将在很大程度上决定现代化的发展进程。教育是解决“三农”问题的基石,是开发农村人力资源的重要条件,也是建设小康社会、构建和谐社会的重要内容。     

清代中期塔尔巴哈台地区的屯田

乾隆年间，清廷平定准部叛乱，为明确新疆北部边界，开始在塔尔巴哈台地区建城驻军。鉴于前代经营西域的成败得失，为避免劳民伤财，当时清政府非常强调新疆驻军和机构的自给能力，在各地普遍开展屯田，塔尔巴哈台也是如此。文章对清代中期塔尔巴哈台地区存在的各种形式的屯田的发展状况，分别加以介绍，并就其在政治和经济上对当地的意义作出了简要的评述。     

加入WTO后我国农业发展的思路与对策

当前我国农业发展存在着土地、水等资源环境压力大，农业基础设施脆弱，农业生产结构与市场需求结构不协调，农业科技水平低等问题。加入WTO后，农业发展更面临着严峻的挑战。因此，必须尽快调整农业发展的思路，不断加大农业投入，调整农业结构，深化农村改革，发展农业科技，推进农业的持续发展。     

农业自然资源利用效率的因子-能量评价模型及其应用

提高农业自然资源利用效率是切实保护资源、节约资源和高效持续利用资源的根本途径 ,而诊断和寻找农业自然资源利用低效的制约因素和“瓶颈”所在是农业自然资源高效利用目标得以实现的重要手段。该文在概括和总结农作物生产过程中能量运动转化特征的基础上 ,通过对各资源因子作物生产作用的虚拟阶段划分 ,以能量运动转化的资源因子衰减过程为评价主线 ,建立了农业自然资源利用效率的因子 -能量评价模型 ,并将之应用于山东省宁津县 ,得出了可行的评价结论     

农业技术生态学:农业技术研究的新领域

农业技术生态学是一门研究农业技术负效应的科学。它全方位深层次剖析农业技术负效应产生的原因、演变规律和控制途径,要求通过生态技术群、社会技术群的优化配套组合,使技术系统在一定的技术生态规范、决策和法规条件下运行,以农产品的环境标志为目标,最大限度地减少农业技术负效应对社会持续发展的危害。该学科是在一种新兴文化———生态文化的背景下提出的,为改革农业技术研究和丰富农业技术教育提供了一个新的知识领域。     

搞好投资需求 促进经济健康发展

本文从国民经济健康发展出发,分析了我国市场供求总量形势,提出了合理投资需求结构的措施.