第14届世界游泳锦标赛出发技术研究

采用现场研究、文献调查等方法对竞技游泳2种主要的出发技术进行研究。对第14届世界游泳锦标赛决赛运动员224人次的出发技术的分布比例进行了统计,对出发反应时(start reaction,SR)、出发15 m时间(start efficiency,SE)、800 m以下项目的成绩(Score,SC)等指标进行分析研究,同时梳理了近年来有关出发技术的研究文献数据。研究表明,蹲踞式出发技术(track start,TS)从10余年前不到40%的采用率增长到了2011年世界游泳锦标赛上的98%。蹲踞式出发技术在SR和SE上均比抓台式(grab start,GS)有优势。研究认为,抓台式技术将成为历史,所有运动员应掌握带有助推器的新型出发台的蹲踞式出发技术。     

‘In the driving seat’, or reluctant passengers? Employer engagement in qualifications development: some evidence from two recent 14–19 qualification reforms in England

Vocational education and training has received substantial policy attention in recent years that is paired with the ambition for the UK to become a leading country for jobs, productivity and skills. Recommendations from two recent reviews form the basis for substantial policy reforms within the 14–19 curriculum. Discourse of employer engagement has been a persistent theme in the reform agenda and the pressure on employers to engage has been intensified. Recent policy documents, particularly within the 14–19 phase, carry the exhortation for employers to jump ‘in the driving seat’ when it comes to qualifications development. This article examines employer engagement in two recent reforms; Diplomas (2005–2010) and 16–19 Study Programmes (2011-present). It reflects on the extent to which employers are able to fulfil policy expectations and what lessons could be learnt from previous attempts to engage them in qualification design and delivery. The article concludes that employer engagement within the 14–19 curriculum continues to be encouraged. The level of employer engagement, however, must be carefully matched to the expertise, experience, capacity and motivation of employers. It is argued that lessons should be learnt from previous experiences of qualifications development to avoid employers abandoning the journey completely.     

Modelling the joint impact of R&D and ICT on productivity: A frontier analysis approach

This study explores the channels through which technological investments affect productivity performance of industrialized economies. Using a Stochastic Frontier Model (SFM) we estimate the productivity effects of R&D and ICT for a large sample of OECD industries between 1973 and 2007, identifying four channels of transmission: input accumulation, technological change, technical efficiency and spillovers. Our results show that ICT has been particularly effective in reducing production inefficiency and in generating inter-industry spillovers, while R&D has raised the rate of technical change and favoured knowledge spillovers within sectors. We also quantify the contribution of technological investments to output and total factor productivity growth documenting that R&D and ICT accounted for almost 95% of productivity growth in the OECD area.     

中国女篮在第十四届世锦赛中技术与实力分析

通过第十四届世界女篮锦标赛全队和个人八项技术统计,针对中国女篮表现,结合与世界强队之比较,对世锦赛上全队和个人投篮命中率及几项技术指标的排名加以分析,认为中国女篮的水平已达到了世界级的水平,但在比赛中,尤其在与强队较量时,往往对关键期的把握和关键球的处理,显得不尽人意,与世界强队如美国和俄罗斯等国之比较仍有差距。     

Licensing a non-drastic innovation under double informational asymmetry

This paper deals with the problem faced by a patentee owning a new production process whose value is unknown ex ante. The patentee must license the new technology to users in order to profit from it, and each potential licensee has production costs using the technology that are unknown to everyone until after contracting, at which point each licensee gets private information about her own costs. Moreover, the patentee cannot observe outputs of potential licensees and, therefore, must use lump-sum rather than per unit royalty schedules to license the technology. In this setting, the optimal licensing scheme from both the industry and the innovator viewpoints is defined, as well as the socially optimal dynamic industrial structure to market the technology. Welfare aspects of regulation on patents length are also discussed in this context.     

Skills, standards, and disabilities: How youth with learning disabilities fare in high school and beyond

Learning disabled youth in the Child and Young Adult samples of the NLSY79 are more likely to graduate from high school than peers with the same measured cognitive ability, a difference that cannot be explained by differences in noncognitive skills, families, or school resources. Instead, I find that learning disabled students graduate from high school at higher rates than youth with the same cognitive abilities because of high school graduation policies that make it easier for learning disabled youth to obtain a high school diploma. The effects of these graduation policies are even more remarkable given that I find evidence that learning disabled youth have less unmeasured human capital than observationally equivalent youth as after high school they are less likely to be employed or continue on to college and earn less than their observationally equivalent non-learning disabled peers.     

Accounting for exogenous influences in performance evaluations of teachers

Students’ evaluations of teacher performance (SETs) are increasingly used by universities. However, SETs are controversial mainly due to two issues: (1) teachers value various aspects of excellent teaching differently, and (2) SETs should not be determined on exogenous influences. Therefore, this paper constructs SETs using a tailored version of the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis approach. In particular, we account for different values and interpretations that teachers attach to ‘good teaching’. Moreover, we reduce the impact of measurement errors and a-typical observations, and account explicitly for heterogeneous background characteristics arising from teacher, student and course characteristics.     

宫颈鳞状上皮癌变过程中细胞周期调节通路p14^ARF-MDM2-p53作用的研究

目的 探讨细胞周期调节p14ARF-MDM2-p53通路在宫颈上皮癌变过程中的作用.方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测18例正常宫颈上皮、48例宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)和23例宫颈鳞状细胞癌组织p14ARF、MDM2及p53蛋白的表达.结果 p14ARF蛋白表达阳性率在正常宫颈上皮、CIN和宫颈鳞癌组分别为28%、42%和78%,宫颈鳞癌组表达较正常上皮和CIN组升高(P＜0.05);MDM2蛋白表达阳性率在正常宫颈上皮、CIN和宫颈鳞癌组分别为0%、23%和43%,CIN和宫颈鳞癌组较正常宫颈上皮表达升高(P＜0.05);p53蛋白表达阳性率在正常宫颈上皮、CIN和宫颈鳞癌组分别为6%、31%和39%,CIN及宫颈鳞癌组表达水平较正常宫颈上皮升高(P＜0.05);统计分析未发现三种蛋白的表达存在显著相关性.结论 p14ARF-MDM2-p53细胞周期调节通路与宫颈癌发生发展有关并有望用于CIN及宫颈癌的诊断.     

Experienced entrepreneurial founders, organizational capital, and venture capital funding

This paper empirically investigates the sourcing and valuation of venture capital (VC) funding among entrepreneurs with varied levels of prior start-up founding experience, academic training, and social capital. Social ties with VCs have been identified as an important precursor to organizational resource attainment and performance, and so this study analyzes the correlates of heterogeneous social links with VCs. I also examine venture valuation, as it reflects enterprise quality and entrepreneurs’ cost of financial capital. Using data from a survey of 149 early stage technology-based start-up firms, I find several notable results. First, prior founding experience (especially financially successful experience) increases both the likelihood of VC funding via a direct tie and venture valuation. Second, founders’ ability to recruit executives via their own social network (as opposed to the VC's network) is positively associated with venture valuation. Finally, in the emerging (at the time) Internet industry, founding teams with a doctoral degree holder are more likely to be funded via a direct VC tie and receive higher valuations, suggesting a signaling effect. The paper therefore underscores some important dimensions of heterogeneity among VC-backed entrepreneurs.     

Neues zur beruflichen Anerkennung im EU-Bereich

Die berufliche Anerkennung im EU-Bereich war bisher durch ein Konvolut zahlreicher und wenig übersichtlicher Regelungen geprägt, weshalb sich eine Orientierung auf diesem Gebiet nicht gerade einfach gestaltete. Durch die neue RL 2005/36 über die Anerkennung von Berufsqualifikationen erfolgt nunmehr die bereits längst nötige Harmonisierung. Der folgende Beitrag bietet eine Übersicht zur beruflichen Anerkennung, wobei insbesondere die wichtigsten Inhalte der neuen RL – vom Anerkennungssystem bis zu den Kontaktstellen – zur Darstellung gelangen.