Determinants of schooling for boys and girls in Nigeria under a policy of free primary education

This paper adds a measure of school costs to the model of determinants of schooling. Costs are estimated with controls for selection into school and the possibility of receiving free primary education (FPE). Controlling for costs, household wealth has a large, positive effect on primary school attendance with greater income elasticity for girls than boys. Girls’ attendance also depends on opportunity costs generated by providing child care for younger siblings and living on a family farm. Policies that increase household resources and reduce opportunity costs are recommended to complement free primary education.     

The workforce of pioneer plants: The role of worker mobility in the diffusion of industries

Does technology require labour mobility to diffuse? To explore this, we use German social-security data and ask how plants that pioneer an industry in a location – and for which the local labour market offers no experienced workers – assemble their workforces. These pioneers use different recruiting strategies than plants elsewhere: they hire more workers from outside their industry and from outside their region, especially when workers come from closely related industries or are highly skilled. The importance of access to experienced workers is highlighted in the diffusion of industries from western Germany to the post-reunification economy of eastern German. While manufacturing employment declined in most advanced economies, eastern German regions managed to reindustrialise. The pioneers involved in this process relied heavily on expertise from western Germany: while establishing new manufacturing industries in the East, they sourced half of their experienced workers from the West.     

Anatomy of use-inspired researchers: From Pasteur’s Quadrant to Pasteur’s Cube model

Pasteur’s Quadrant model, published by Stokes in 1997, presents a two-dimensional abstract conceptual framework that proved immensely helpful to study and discuss institutional and policy arrangements in science. However, during the last 10 years the PQ model was also applied in a series of large-scale, survey-based studies worldwide to classify individual modern-day researchers according to their research orientation and performance.This paper argues that such applications are inadequate to capture key characteristics of individual researchers, especially those within the heterogeneous ‘Pasteur type’ group who engage in ‘use-inspired’ basic scientific research. Addressing this shortcoming, Pasteur’s Cube (PC) model introduces a new heuristic tool. Departing from a three-dimensional conceptual framework of research-related activities, the model enables a range of typologies to describe and study the large variety of academics at today’s research-intensive universities. The PC model’s analytical robustness was tested empirically in two interrelated ‘proof of concept’ studies: an exploratory survey among 150 European universities and a follow-up case study of Leiden University in the Netherlands. Both studies, collecting data for the years 2010–2015, applied a metrics-based taxonomy to classify individual academic researchers according to four performance categories: scientific publication output, research collaboration with the business sector, patents filings, and being engaging in entrepreneurial activities.The collective results of both studies provide more clarity on relevant subgroups of use-inspired researchers. The PC model can be used to guide empirical, metrics-based investigations of research activities and productivities, applies this approach to two case studies, and demonstrates the utility of the method while also reinforcing and enriching the growing body of literature showing that cross-sectoral and cross-functional research activities are more scientifically productive than research carried out in isolation of the context of use. Introducing the ‘Crossover Collaborator’ subtype helps to explain why Pasteur type researchers tend to outperform other types of researchers in terms of publication output and citation impact.     

Teacher opinions on performance pay: Evidence from India

The practical viability of performance-based pay programs for teachers depends critically on the extent of support the idea will receive from teachers. We present evidence on teacher opinions with regard to performance-based pay from teacher interviews conducted in the context of an experimental evaluation of a program that provided performance-based bonuses to teachers in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. We report four main findings in this paper: (1) over 80% of teachers had a favorable opinion about the idea of linking a component of pay to measures of performance, (2) exposure to an actual incentive program increased teacher support for the idea, (3) teacher support declines with age, experience, training, and base pay, and (4) the extent of teachers’ stated ex ante support for performance-linked pay (over a series of mean-preserving spreads of pay) is positively correlated with their ex post performance as measured by estimates of teacher value addition. This suggests that teachers are aware of their own effectiveness and that implementing a performance-linked pay program could not only have broad-based support among teachers but also attract more effective teachers into the teaching profession.     

The effects of attending a diverse college

The question of whether there are benefits to be obtained from having a diverse student body is a key issue in the debate over affirmative action. This paper estimates the effects of college racial diversity on post-college earnings, civic behavior, and satisfaction with the college attended. I use the Beginning Postsecondary Students survey, which allows me to control for exposure to racial diversity prior to college. Moreover, I use two techniques from Altonji, Elder, and Taber (2005) to address the issue of selection on unobservables. The first is a sensitivity analysis showing how the coefficient on diversity changes when different values of the correlation are imposed in a system of equations that consists of a selection equation and an outcome equation. The second is estimation based upon an assumption that selection on unobservables equals selection on observables, which, along with the OLS results, gives estimates of bounds on the effect. Single-equation estimates suggest a possible positive effect of diversity on satisfaction with the racial climate at the college attended and a negative effect on community service, but I do not find an effect on other outcomes. Moreover, the estimates are very sensitive to the assumptions made about selection on unobservables.     

Fachhochschule im Spannungsverh?ltnis zwischen Erhalterrechten und Kollegiumsautonomie

Das FHStG erm?glicht Erhaltern von Fachhochschul-Studieng?ngen unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen die Verleihung der Bezeichnung "Fachhochschule". Dabei ist ua eine Organisation einzurichten und nachzuweisen, die aus einem Fachhochschulkollegium und einem Leiter des Fachhochschulkollegiums besteht. Beide Organe sind Ausfluss fachhochschulischer Autonomie. Hinsichtlich Rechtsstellung und Aufgabenwahrnehmung dieser Organe besteht eine Reihe von Unklarheiten auf verfassungsrechtlicher und einfachgesetzlicher Ebene. Auch die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Erhalter und autonomem Bereich ist durch einige – vom FHStG ungeregelte – Problembereiche gekennzeichnet. Da viele Erhalter in der Rechtsform einer GmbH organisiert sind, fragt sich zus?tzlich, wie die Bestimmungen des GmbHG hier zum Tragen kommen. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt einige m?gliche Auslegungsvarianten von unklaren Bestimmungen des FHStG, aber auch grundlegende verfassungsrechtliche Probleme auf. Immerhin l?sst sich festhalten, dass fachhochschulische Autonomieauch im Rahmen der Rechtsform der GmbH grunds?tzlich gelebt und vollzogen werden kann. Der Beitrag kommt aber auch zum Schluss, dass das FHStG in einigen Punkten dringend einer Novellierung bedarf.     

Neues zur beruflichen Anerkennung im EU-Bereich

Die berufliche Anerkennung im EU-Bereich war bisher durch ein Konvolut zahlreicher und wenig übersichtlicher Regelungen geprägt, weshalb sich eine Orientierung auf diesem Gebiet nicht gerade einfach gestaltete. Durch die neue RL 2005/36 über die Anerkennung von Berufsqualifikationen erfolgt nunmehr die bereits längst nötige Harmonisierung. Der folgende Beitrag bietet eine Übersicht zur beruflichen Anerkennung, wobei insbesondere die wichtigsten Inhalte der neuen RL – vom Anerkennungssystem bis zu den Kontaktstellen – zur Darstellung gelangen.     

Migration,remittances and educational outcomes: The case of Haiti

This paper empirically investigates how migration and the receipt of remittances affect educational outcomes in Haiti. Based on a theoretical approach it tries to disentangle the effects of both phenomena that have mostly been jointly modeled in previous literature. The results suggest that remittances play an important role for poor households in alleviating budget constraints. Household wealth, captured via an asset index, is found to have a significant impact on education as well, supporting the idea that budget constraints play a crucial role in schooling decisions in Haiti.     

人CD34＋干/祖细胞异常表达基因hCLP46功能的初步探讨

hCLP46是从MDS-AML的CD34＋细胞cDNA文库中筛选出的一个新的基因，为了进一步对该基因进行功能、性质研究，本实验利用RT-PCR技术对该基因进行了组织特异性表达检测，并将该基因构建到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)中，转染U937细胞，发现过量表达该基因的U937细胞能够抑制TGF-对p15基因的上调。此外，利用生物信息学手段对该基因进行序列分析，得到其启动子区存在一个典型的“CpG island”。提示该基因有可能参与甲基化调节途径。通过本文的研究，为进一步研究该基因的作用机制打下基础。     

我国U-15足球队冬训训练安排状况的统计与分析

对参加由中国足协组织的2008年U-15冬训的34支足球队冬训训练安排进行统计与分析,研究结果表明,部分球队教练员在青少年足球培养中存在急功近利思想,违背青少年身心发展规律.教练员对现代足球冬训的理解只局限在表面,偏重于研究开发运动员"显形"部分的训练,而忽视了与其同步进行的"隐形"部分训练.部分青少年教练员训练的形式方法及恢复措施比较陈旧,基本沿用传统的模式,教练员接受新事物慢,钻研业务能力不强.